Amábile-Cuevas C F, Cárdenas-García M, Ludgar M. 1995. Antibiotic-resistance. American Scientist, 83, 320–329. AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C. Baldwin R L V I, Cleod K R M, Klotz J L, Heitmann R N. 2004. Rumen development, intestinal growth and hepatic metabolism in the pre- and postweaning ruminant. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(Suppl. E), E55–E65. Chen K L, Weng B C, Chang M T, Liao Y H, Chen T T, Chu C. 2008. Direct enhancement of the phagocytic and bactericidal capability of abdominal macrophage of chicks by beta-1,3-1,6-glucan. Poultry Science, 87, 2242–2249. Chen M Y, Yang H S, Delaporte M, Zhao S J, Xing K. 2007. Immune responses of the scallop Chlamys farreri after air exposure to different temperatures. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 345, 52–60. Cox C M, Stuard L H, Kim S, McElroy A P, Bedford M R, Dalloul R A. 2010. Performance and immune responses to dietary beta-glucan in broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 89, 1924–1933. Cruywagen C W, Jordaan I, Venter L. 1996. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation of milk replacer on preweaning performance of calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 79, 483–486. Donovan D C, Franklin S T, Chase C C, Hippen A R. 2002. Growth and health of Holstein calves fed milk replacers supplemented with antibiotics or Enteroguard. Journal of Dairy Science, 85, 947–950. Doornenbal H, Tong A K, Murray N L. 1988. Reference values of blood parameters in beef cattle of different ages and stages of lactation. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research-revue, 52, 99–105. Eicher R, Liesegang A, Bouchard E, Tremblay A. 1999. Effect of cow-specific factors and feeding frequency of concentrate on diurnal variations of blood metabolites in dairy cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 60, 1493–1499. Eicher S D, McKee C A, Carroll J A, Pajor E A. 2006. Supplemental vitamin C and yeast cell wall beta-glucan as growth enhancers in newborn pigs and as immunomodulators after an endotoxin challenge after weaning. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 2352–2360. Eicher S D, Wesley I V, Sharma V K, Johnson T R. 2010. Yeast cell-wall products containing beta-glucan plus ascorbic acid affect neonatal Bos taurus calf leukocytes and growth after a transport stressor. Journal of Animal Science, 88, 1195–1203. Hahn T W, Lohakare J D, Lee S L, Moon W K, Chae B J. 2006. Effects of supplementation of beta-glucans on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immunity in weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 1422–1428. Harris H. 1990. The human alkaline phosphatases: What we know and what we don’t know. Clinica Chimica Acta, 186, 133–150. Hill T M, Bateman H N, Aldrich J M, Schlotterbeck R L. 2009a. Effects of fat concentration of a high-protein milk replacer on calf performance. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 5147–5153. Hill T M, Bateman H N, Aldrich J M, Schlotterbeck R L. 2009b. Optimizing nutrient ratios in milk replacers for calves less than five weeks of age. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 3281–3291. Huth M, Dongowski G, Gebhardt E, Flamme W. 2000. Functional properties of dietary fibre enriched extrudates from barley. Journal of Cereal Science, 32, 115–128. Jonker D, Hasselwander O, Tervila-Wilo A, Tenning P P. 2010. 28-Day oral toxicity study in rats with high purity barley beta-glucan (GlucagelTM). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 422–428. Kalra S, Joad S. 2000. Effect of dietary barley beta-glucan on cholesterol and lipoprotein fractions in rats. Journal of Cereal Science, 31, 141–145. Keenan J M, Goulson M, Shamliyan T, Knutson N, Kolberg L, Curry L. 2007. The effects of concentrated barley beta-glucan on blood lipids in a population of hypercholesterolaemic men and women. British Journal of Nutrition, 97, 1162–1168. Khuntia A, Chaudhary L C. 2002. Performance of male crossbred calves as influenced by substitution of grain by wheat bran and the addition of lactic acid bacteria to diet. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 15, 188–194. Kokoshis P L, Williams D L, Cook J A, Luzio N R D. 1978. Increased resistance to Staphylococcus aureus infection and enhancement in serum lysozyme activity by glucan. Science, 199, 1340–1342. Lesmeister K E, Tozer P R, Heinrichs A J. 2004. Development and analysis of a rumen tissue sampling procedure. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 1336–1344. Li H, Diao Q Y, Zhang N F, Fan Z Y. 2008. Growth, nutrient utilization and amino acid digestibility of dairy calves fed milk replacers containing different amounts of protein in the preruminant period. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 21, 1151–1158. Li J, Li D F, Xing J J, Cheng Z B, Lai C H. 2006. Effects of β-glucan extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, and immunological and somatotropic responses of pigs challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 2374–2381. Li S. 1992. The effect of dietary level of protein, fiber and fat on amino acid digestibility in early-weaned pigs. MSc thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Lin T T, Xing J, Jiang J W, Tang X Q, Zhan W B. 2011. Beta-glucan-stimulated activation of six enzymes in the haemocytes of the scallop Chlamys farreri at different water temperatures. Aquaculture, 315, 213–221. Mao X F, Piao X S, Lai C H, Li D F, Xing J J, Shi B L. 2005. Effects of β-glucan obtained from the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus and lipopolysaccharide challenge on performance, immunological, adrenal, and somatotropic responses of weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 83, 2775–2782. Marsh M B, Rice C D. 2010. Development, characterization, and technical applications of a fish lysozyme-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb M24-2). Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 33, e15–e23. McKee C A, Eicher S D, Johnson T R. 2000. Ascorbic acid and a beta-glucan product from Saccharomyces cerevisiae influence on dairy calf well-being. Journal of Dairy Science, 83(Suppl. 1), 134. Mohri M, Sharifi K, Eidi S. 2007. Hematology and serum biochemistry of Holstein dairy calves: age related changes and comparison with blood composition in adults. Research in Veterinary Science, 83, 30–39. van Nevel C J, Decuypere J A, Dierick N, Molly K. 2003. The influence of Lentinus edodes (Shiitake mushroom) preparations on bacteriological and morphological aspects of the small intestine in piglets. Archiv für Tierernahrung, 57, 399–412. Ortigues I, Martin C, Durand D, Vermorel M. 1995. Circadian changes in energy expenditure in the preruminant calf: Whole animal and tissue level. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 552–564. Rook G A, Brunet L R. 2005. Microbes, immunoregulation, and the gut. Gut, 54, 317–320. SAS Institute. 2005. SAS OnlineDoc® 9.1. SAS Institute, Cary, NC. Seal C J, Reynolds C K. 1993. Nutritional implications of gastrointestinal and liver metabolism in ruminants. Nutrition Research Reviews, 6(Suppl.), 185–208. Soltanian S, Stuyven E, Cox E, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P. 2009. Beta-glucans as immunostimulant in vertebrates and invertebrates. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 35, 109–138. Studnicka M, Siwicki A, Ryka B. 1986. Lysozyme level in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Bamidgeh, 38, 22–25. Tang X Y, Gao J S, Yuan F, Zhang W X, Shao Y J, Sakurai F, Li Z D. 2011. Effects of Sophy beta-glucan on growth performance, carcass traits, meat composition, and immunological responses of Peking ducks. Poultry Science, 90, 737–745. Wang Z, Guo Y, Yuan J, Zhang B. 2008. Effect of dietary beta- 1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation on growth performance, immune response and plasma prostaglandin E-2, growth hormone and ghrelin in weanling piglets. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 21, 707–714.Wood P J, Weisz J, Blackwell B A. 1994. Structural studies of (1→3),(1→4)-beta-D-glucans by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by rapid analysis of cellulose-like regions using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography of oligosaccharides released by lichenase. Cereal Chemistry, 71, 301–307. Zhang B, Guo Y, Wang Z. 2008. The modulating effect of beta- 1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation in the diet on performance and immunological responses of broiler chickens. Asian- Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 21, 237–244. |