由于劳动力投入少、经济效益高，水稻直播已成为中国南方地区主要的种植方式。旱直播方式在单季水稻栽培技术方面运用广泛。然而，对早籼稻机械旱直播试验的研究还少有报导。通过两年大田间试验，以2个籼稻品种（中嘉早17和株两优819）为材料，研究旱直播、淹水直播和湿直播模式下的水稻倒伏特性和产量形成。结果表明，在旱直播方式下，株两优819和中嘉早17的年均产量分别比湿直播和淹水直播高14.42-26.34%和6.64-24.58%，这主要是由于穗数的提高。旱直播方式显著提高了早籼稻品种的出苗率，增加总干重和作物生长速率。同时，与淹水直播和湿直播相比，旱直播基部节间较短，茎粗和茎壁较厚，倒伏指数较低。尤其是旱直播提高了茎秆的抗倒伏能力。本研究结果表明，适宜的直播方式有利于提高早籼稻的产量和抗倒伏能力。

长期秸秆还田是提高农田土壤有机碳储量的重要碳源，秸秆焚烧还田在我国南方也屡见不鲜。然而，长期稻草管理对土壤有机碳组分、酶活性及其相互关系的影响，以及其影响是否存在季节差异却尚未明确。我们基于2009年开始建立的长期定位试验平台，通过设置3个N、P、K等养分输入(包括秸秆/灰分和化学养分)的处理：秸秆不还田(CK)、秸秆还田(SR)和秸秆焚烧还田(SBR)，探讨长期秸秆还田条件对南方双季稻田土壤有机碳组分及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明，与CK相比，长期秸秆还田有利于提高早稻产量(P=0.057)，并显著增加早晚稻田土壤的总有机碳（TOC）和微生物量碳(MBC)含量。而稻草焚烧还田对TOC无显著影响，但降低了早稻轻组有机碳（LFOC）和晚稻易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量，而显著增加了可溶性有机碳（DOC），且显著降低了土壤pH。我们研究还表明，长期秸秆还田条件下，MBC是评估双季稻系统土壤有机碳变化最敏感的指标；此外，SBR和SR对土壤酶活性的影响早晚稻稻田土壤呈现相反趋势，进而导致土壤有机碳组分含量存在季节差异，尤其是改变了土壤DOC含量，而早晚稻DOC与β-木糖苷酶均呈正相关。可见，秸秆还田较秸秆焚烧还田更有利于土壤有机碳组分的固持与提高，但其对晚稻土壤酶活性的负作用有待进一步研究。

Spermidine (Spd) is known to be involved in the regulation of plant responses to chilling stress and counteract the adverse effect of stress conditions. Antioxidant activities, endogenous hormones and ultrastructure change under chilling stress were investigated in indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings. 12-d-old seedlings were subjected to exogenous Spd (1 mmol L–1) and then a chilling stress (6°C, 4 d) was induced, followed by a subsequent recovery (25°C, 4 d). Results showed that malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content were enhanced significantly, whereas shoot fresh and dry weights decreased during chilling stress and after recovery; chlorophyll content of chilling-stressed seedlings increased slightly but declined after recovery; additionally, total soluble sugar, sucrose, fructose and starch contents increased significantly during chilling stress, and only soluble sugar and fructose contents were observed in increase after recovery; chilling stress-induced increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, but declined after recovery, and the level of ascorbate peroxidase was lower during chilling stress and after recovery; however, endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), gibberellic acid (GA3), and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were induced decreased compared with Spd pretreatment. The microscopic analysis revealed that chilling stress-induced destruction of the chloroplast envelope during chilling stress and increased the number of plastoglobuli along with aberrations in thylakoid membranes after recovery. In contrast, exogenous Spd protected rice seedlings from chilling-induced injuries in terms of lower malondialdehyde, proline and carbohydrates accumulation coupled with increased endogenous hormones metabolism. After recovery, Spd pretreatment chilling-exposed seedlings showed higher activities of antioxidant enzymes and normal physiological function of chloroplasts. These results suggest that Spd could promote effectively chilling tolerance which might be largely attributable to the integrity of cell structure and normal metabolism of endogenous hormones in indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings.