月季是世界上最重要的观赏植物之一，具有极高食用和药用价值，还被全世界范围广泛种植用来提取精油。本研究采用固相微萃取（SPME）和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用法对在云南西北地区发现的具有浓郁甜香的新物种——大花粉晕香水月季（Rosa yangii）不同开花阶段的花香成分进行提取和分析。共检测到113种挥发性有机化合物，从中筛选出69种芳香挥发物。我们发现大花粉晕香水月季的花朵在初开期产生和释放的挥发性有机物明显高于其他开放阶段，此阶段合成并保留了大量的花香组分，说明在工业生产时更适合在初开期采收花朵。气味活性值（OAV）分析表明，大花粉晕香水月季的主要芳香成分包括丁香酚、甲基丁香醇、苯乙醛和苯乙醇、庚醛、癸醛、（E）-2-己烯-1-基乙酸酯、石竹烯等。代谢组和时序基因共表达网络（TO-GCN）联合分析显示，苯类/苯丙类挥发性有机化合物合成途径上的基因和有机挥发物对其浓郁甜香起主要调控作用。MYB和bHLH可能是调控丁香酚合成酶（EGS）和异丁香酚合成酶（IGS）合成进而影响花香的重要转录因子。综上所述，本研究可为观赏植物芳香分子育种提供科学依据，并促进植物精油新原料在食品储藏、芳香疗法、化妆品和香料行业的开发利用。

草甘膦靶标酶是5-烯醇式丙酮酸莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶(EPSPS)，EPSPS基因的过表达是杂草抗草甘膦的分子机制之一。比较抗型和敏感型牛筋草中EPSPS基因调控序列，发现抗型牛筋草EPSPS基因5’端非翻译区5’-UTR Py-rich stretch元件发生突变，且该突变与提高抗草甘膦牛筋草EPSPS基因转录水平相关。然而，与该元件及整个EPSPS基因启动子序列结合的关键转录因子尚未可知。为进一步探究抗草甘膦牛筋草中EPSPS基因的转录调控机制，本研究利用RNA-seq技术分析了抗草甘膦牛筋草EPSPS过表达相关的基因调控网络，筛选出相关转录因子；通过酵母单杂交技术体外验证相关转录因子与5’-UTR Py-rich stretch元件的结合情况。转录本差异表达分析显示，与草甘膦敏感型(GS)牛筋草相比，抗草甘膦牛筋草在草甘膦处理后有2752个unigenes的表达增加，4025个unigenes的表达减少。其中，鉴定出1373个unigenes与EPSPS基因共表达。GO和KEGG通路分析表明，上调的unigenes主要富集于叶绿体，并与莽草酸生物合成通路、叶绿素II和过氧化物酶体代谢过程相关。值得注意的是，催化莽草酸转化为莽草酸3-磷酸(S3P, EPSPS的底物)的莽草酸激酶的表达也上调。筛选到8个转录因子可能参与EPSPS表达，其中预测三个转录因子(ARF2, ARF8和BPC6)能与5 ' utr Py-rich元件结合。酵母单杂交实验表明ARF8和BPC6能与野生型5’-UTR Py-rich stretch元件结合，但不再能与其突变体结合。本研究数据表明，与草甘膦敏感型牛筋草相比，抗草甘膦牛筋草中EPSPS的表达转录调控机制发生了显著的变化。首次筛选分析出与EPSPS基因表达调控相关的转录因子，可为进一步研究基于EPSPS过表达的牛筋草抗草甘膦机理提供了新的参考。

月季（Rosa cvs.）是世界上最重要的观赏植物之一。现代月季多为四倍体，其减数分裂过程中存在双减数分裂和优先配对，使得传统的连锁分析方法不能适用四倍体月季。因此，四倍体月季遗传图谱的构建工作既迫切又具挑战性。本研究以四倍体月季F1杂交群体为试验材料，通过简化基因组测序的方法构建遗传图谱。共检测到17,382个SNP标记，加上课题组前期开发的440个SSR和AFLP标记，利用GATK中同源四倍体的模型进行基因分型，最终获得6,885个高质量的标记。然后利用polymapR进行遗传连锁分析，构建了四倍体月季的高密度遗传连锁图谱。该图谱包含7个连锁群，6,842个标记，总图距为1,158.90 cM，标记间平均遗传距离为0.18 cM。随后对花瓣数量和花朵直径进行QTL分析，检测到1个与花瓣数量相关的主效QTL (qpnum-3-1)，解释表型变异20.18–22.11%。检测到4个与花朵直径相关的QTLs，连续两年的花朵直径数据检测到1个主效QTL（qfdia-2-2）。本研究为现代月季分子标记辅助育种工作奠定基础，同时为其他同源多倍体的遗传分析提供借鉴。

The objective of this study was to analyze the dynamics of nutrient balance, physiological biomarkers and comprehensive indexes associated with metabolism and function of organs in transition cows. Fourteen transition cows were used for this research. Dietary intake was recorded daily, and samples of the diet, venous blood and milk were collected for measurements. The balance values of net energy for lactation (NE_L ), metabolizable protein (MP), and metabolizable glucose (MG) were calculated, and regression analysis and calculation of comprehensive indexes were performed. Accordingly, the prepartum cows presented positive balances of NEL , MP, and MG, while severe negative balances were found during the postpartum period. Dynamic changes of energy metabolism, nutrient mobilization, liver function, anti-oxidative status and immune response, as indicated by blood biomarkers and modified comprehensive indexes, were out of sync with the calculated balance values, but they were closely related to the day relative to calving. Compared with the 21 d prepartum, the plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) were significantly increased around and after calving (P<0.05), and similar variation tendency was observed for most of other parameters. The occurrence of parturition and the initiation of lactation were more responsible for the negative balances of nutrients in transition dairy cows. Although negative balances of NE_L , MP and MG were not observed using the assessment model, the nutritional strategies should be applied before calving, because metabolic adaptations had been validated during the prepartum period. In addition, it was plausible to conclude that the decline of hepatic metabolism, defense function and insulin sensitivity are critical causes of metabolic dysfunction.

Bacterial blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of high nitrogen (N) responsive diseases. Rice plants became more disease resistant with decreasing N suggesting that the crosstalk between disease resistance and N utilization pathways might exist. However, the co-regulatory components in such crosstalk have not been elucidated. Here, we comparatively analyzed the gene expression profiling of rice under Xoo inoculation, low N treatment, or a combination of both stresses, and identified the differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in overlapping responses. These DEGs were involved in different biological processes, including innate immunity and nitrogen metabolism. The randomly-selected DEGs expression was validated by quantitative real-time PCR assays. Temporal expression of six genes from different functional categories suggested that N condition was the dominant factor when both stresses were present. These DEGs identified provide novel insights into the coordinated regulatory mechanism in biotic and abiotic stress responses in rice.