Theileria luwenshuni and Theileria uilenbergi are important tick-borne pathogens and cause substantial losses to the sheep industry in China.  The improvement in detection techniques has allowed the identification of multi-homing parasitism in Theileria parasites.  Herein we evaluated the experimental infectivity of T. luwenshuni and T. uilenbergi in Chinese Kunming mice by screening blood samples of experimentally inoculated mice by microscopic examination (ME) and PCR.  T. luwenshuni infected Chinese Kunming mice and 20 mice inoculated with this parasite were positive by ME and PCR.  In addition, T. uilenbergi infected mice and 20 mice inoculated with this species were positive by ME and PCR.  However, the number of red blood cells and the levels of hemoglobin of 40 infected mice had no obvious changes in the course of infection.  Our results demonstrated the multi-homing parasitism of T. luwenshuni and T. uilenbergi, which were believed to be parasites of sheep and goats.  This study was the first to demonstrate the infection of T. luwenshuni and T. uilenbergi in Kunming mice. 

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were able to produce tissue damage and oxidative stress in animal models of small intestinal damage. In this study, the putative protective effect of wheat peptides was evaluated in a NSAID-induced small intestinal damage model in rats, different doses of wheat peptides or distilled water were administered daily by intragastric administration for 30 d until small intestinal damage was caused. Before sacrificing, NSAIDs (aspirin and indomethacin) or physiological saline were infused into the digestive tract twice. Wheat peptides administration reduced edema and small intestinal damage, and significantly decreased the level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in mucous membrane of small intestine. Oxidative stress was significantly increased after NSAID infusion and was reduced by wheat peptides. Wheat peptides increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in mucous membrane of small intestine. μ-Opioid receptor mRNA expression decreased more significantly in wheat peptides treated rats than in the model control group. Overall, the results suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induced small intestinal damage in rats and wheat peptides administration may be an effective tool for protecting small intestinal tissue against NSAID-induced small intestinal damage and oxidative stress.