The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the fruit tissues (peels, pulp residues, seeds, and juices) of 19 citrus genotypes belonged to Citrus reticulata Blanco were evaluated and their antioxidant capacity was tested by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH) method and 2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiozoline-6)-sulphonic acid (ABTS) method.  The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and their antioxidant capacity varied in different citrus fruit tissues.  Generally, the peel had both the highest average of total phenolics (27.18 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g^–1 DW) and total flavonoids (38.97 mg rutin equivalent (RE) g^–1 DW).  The highest antioxidant capacity was also the average of DPPH value (21.92 mg vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) g^–1 DW) and average of ABTS value (78.70 mg VCEAC g^–1 DW) in peel.  The correlation coefficient between the total phenolics and their antioxidant capacity of different citrus fruits tissues ranged from 0.079 to 0.792, and from –0.150 to 0.664 for the total flavonoids.  The antioxidant capacity of fruit tissues were correlated with the total phenoilc content and flavonoid content except in case of the peel.  In addition, the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity varied in different citrus genotypes.  Manju and Karamandarin were better genotypes with higher antioxidation and the phenolic content, however Shagan was the poorest genotype with lower antioxidation and the phenolic content.

Infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) results in acute and chronic liver damages in humans. Liver products of broilers as a primary food consumed in our daily life have a close connection with public health. The prevalence of the virus in livers and serum of broilers is of great significance, owning to the potential transmission between chickens and humans. Liver tissues and serum samples were tested to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in slaughtered broilers, for expression of HBV antigens and antibodies. The distribution and positive rate of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in liver samples were examined using immunohistochemistry. HBsAg was mainly located in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes with a positivity of 81.61% whereas HBeAg and HBcAg were primarily located in the nucleus of hepatocytes with a positivity of 40.13 and 49.10%, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of serum for HBV serological markers demonstrated a high prevalence of hepatiits B surface antibody (HBsAb, 54.91%) and hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb, 27.68%), whereas HBeAb, HBsAg and HBeAg were rarely detectable. Classic hepatitis pathological changes, including swollen hepatocytes, focal parenchymal necrosis, lymphocytic infiltration and hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissues were observed using histopathological analysis. Some of the liver samples were found positive for HBV DNA using nested PCR. Sequence comparison confirmed that all sequences shared 97.5–99.3% identity with human HBV strains. These results demonstrated the existence of HBV in livers and serums of broilers. Animals or animal products contaminated with HBV could raise an important public health concern over food safety and zoonotic risk.