天然橡胶（Natural rubber）是一种生物高分子聚合物，由于具有独特的理化性质而成为重要的工业原料及不可替代的战略物资。巴西橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg.）是目前商业化天然橡胶的唯一来源，主要生长在东南亚热带及亚热带地区的种植园中。然而，目前巴西橡胶树的产量难以满足急剧增长的全球工业对天然橡胶的迫切需求。以石油为加工原料的合成橡胶（Synthetic rubber）部分补充天然橡胶产量的不足，但其工业性能无法比拟天然橡胶。因此，亟需开发具有更广泛环境适应性的天然橡胶新作物。本文综述了园艺植物-橡胶草（Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin）和莴苣（Lactuca L. species），木本植物-银胶菊（Parthenium argentatum A. Gray）和杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.）以及其它有生产天然橡胶潜力的植物的研究进展。本综述以基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学等多维组学研究，以及天然橡胶生物合成分子机制为重点，讨论了基于现代生物技术的多维整合策略在解析天然橡胶生物合成机制方面的广阔前景，为加速天然橡胶新作物的培育提供借鉴。

Marek’s disease (MD), a highly cell-associated and contagious disease of chickens caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV) can result in neural lesions, immunosuppression and neoplasia in chicken.  The Meq gene is an important oncogene in the MDV genome, and it is expressed highly in MD tumor tissues and MD T-lymphoblastoid cell lines.  An experiment was conducted to elucidate the role of Meq in MD tumor transformation.  RNA interference technology was used to block its expression, and then analyzed the biological effects of Meq knockdown on the MD tumor cell line MSB1.  A small interfering RNA with an interference efficiency of 70% (P<0.01) was transfected into MSB1 cells to knock down the expression of Meq gene.  The cell proliferation, cycle and apoptosis were detected post-Meq knockdown.  The results showed that MSB1 cell proliferation was downregulated remarkably at 48 h (P<0.01), 60 h (P<0.05) and 72 h (P<0.01) post-Meq knockdown.  The cell cycle was unaffected (P>0.05).  B-cell lymphoma 2 gene (BCL2) was anti-apoptotic and caspase-6 was the effector in the apoptosis pathway.  The activity of caspase-6 was upregulated (P<0.05) significantly and BCL2 gene expression was downregulated (P<0.05) significantly post-Meq knockdown, suggesting cell apoptosis might be induced.  MSB1 cell migration did not exhibit any obvious change (P>0.05) post-Meq knockdown, but the expression of two genes (matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9) that are correlated closely to cell invasion was downregulated (P<0.05) remarkably post-Meq knockdown.  The Meq knockdown might affect the main features of tumorous cells, including proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion, suggesting that the Meq gene might play a crucial role in interfering with lymphomatous cell transformation.

Damaged eggshells result in losses of eggs. The genetic mechanism of variable eggshell strength is still unclear. The current study was conducted to verify whether the eggshell calcification related genes, CALB1, SPP1, DMP4, BMP2 and SLIT2, were associated with eggshell mechanical property. For this purpose quantitative PCR (q-PCR) analysis was performed to detect gene expression between two groups of hens laying strong and weak eggs. The hens were selected from 360 White Leghorn layers at 60 wk to ensure that the strong and weak eggs differed significantly in breaking strength but not in eggshell thickness and weight. Using this special strong/weak eggshell model, we found that the expression of CALB1 in the uterus of strong shell group was about 3-fold higher (P<0.05) than that in weak shell group. The DMP4 expression was significantly higher (2-fold, P<0.05) in the uterus of weak shell group than that in strong shell group. However, no difference was observed for genes of SPP1, SLIT2 and BMP2 between these two groups. The current study provides a new insight to investigate the association of candidate genes with eggshell mechanical property.

Fadrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, can masculinize genetic female chickens and high-dose decreases the hatchability. Therefore, it is important to study the growth and development of sex-reversed females after hatch. Chick embryos from a population of CAU3 egg-type were treated with different concentrations of Fadrozole prior to the sexual differentiation at E3.0 (st18). At hatch, the phenotypic sex and genetic sex were identified by vent sexing and genetic diagnosis with CHD1, respectively. Body weight and shank length of sex reversal were tested at 8 and 20 wk, respectively. Testicular development, oviduct and ovarian degeneration were observed and serum concentration of estradiol and testosterone were tested with radioimmunoassay (RIA) at 30 wk. The results showed that body weight and shank length of sexreversed females were not significantly different between low-dose groups (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg for F1, F2, and F3, respectively) and high-dose groups (1.0 and 1.3 mg for F4 and F5, respectively) (P>0.05). Left and right testes or ovotestes in F2, F3, F4, and F5 groups were heavier than that of in F1 group (P<0.05). While the gonad weight of treatment groups were less than that in male control (P<0.05), oviduct weight in F2, F3, F4, and F5 groups were significant differences compared with female control and F1 group (P<0.05). Egg number from onset of laying egg to 30 wk in F4 and F5 groups were less than in female control, F1 and F2 groups (P<0.05). Serum testosterone level in F5 group was significant higher compared with female control, F1, F2, F3, and F4 groups (P<0.05), but significant lower compared with male control (P<0.05). While concentration of serum estradiol in F5 group was significant lower compared with female control, F1, F2, and F4 groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, the concentration of Fadrozole do not affect postnatal growth of sex-reversed female chicken and the degree of sex-reversed females elevate with the increase of Fadrozole concentration at sex maturity.