以28份小麦农家种和63份选育品种为供试验材料开展田间试验，研究小麦农家种和选育品种籽粒锌、铁含量差异及对叶面施肥的响应。研究表明，供试小麦品种的平均锌含量为41.8 mg kg^-1（29.0-63.3 mg kg^-1），平均铁含量为39.7 mg kg^-1 （27.9-67.0 mg kg^-1）。小麦农家种的锌和铁含量分别比选育品种高11.0%和4.8%，但小麦农家种的收获指数、单穗粒重、单穗粒数和千粒重均低于选育品种。相关分析表明，籽粒锌、铁含量均与收获指数、单穗粒重和单穗粒数呈显著负相关，而与千粒重相关性较低，据此可推测，农家种籽粒锌、铁含量高于选育品种可能与农家种的收获指数、单穗粒重和单穗粒数较低有关，而与千粒重无关。叶面喷施锌肥，农家种和选育品种的籽粒锌含量均显著增加，农家种的籽粒锌含量增加了12.6 mg kg^-1，约是选育品种的两倍（6.4 mg kg^-1）。叶面喷施铁肥，农家种和选育品种的籽粒铁含量分别增加了3.4 和1.2 mg kg^-1，均没有达到显著水平。可以看出，与小麦选育品种相比，农家种不仅籽粒锌、铁含量较高，且在叶面施锌条件下籽粒锌含量增幅较大，表明我国小麦农家种可作为潜在种质资源用于提高现代选育品种的微量元素含量。

    High-throughput sequencing has identified a large number of sense-antisense transcriptional pairs, which indicates that these genes were transcribed from both directions. Recent reports have demonstrated that many antisense RNAs, especially lncRNA (long non-coding RNA), can interact with the sense RNA by forming an RNA duplex. Many methods, such as RNA-sequencing, Northern blotting, RNase protection assays and strand-specific PCR, can be used to detect the antisense transcript and gene transcriptional orientation. However, the applications of these methods have been constrained, to some extent, because of the high cost, difficult operation or inaccuracy, especially regarding the analysis of substantial amounts of data. Thus, we developed an easy method to detect and validate these complicated RNAs. We primarily took advantage of the strand specificity of RT-PCR and the single-strand specificity of S1 endonuclease to analyze sense and antisense transcripts. Four known genes, including mouse β-actin and Tsix (Xist antisense RNA), chicken LXN (latexin) and GFM1 (G elongation factor, mitochondrial 1), were used to establish the method. These four genes were well studied and transcribed from positive strand, negative strand or both strands of DNA, respectively, which represented all possible cases. The results indicated that the method can easily distinguish sense, antisense and sense-antisense transcriptional pairs. In addition, it can be used to verify the results of high-throughput sequencing, as well as to analyze the regulatory mechanisms between RNAs. This method can improve the accuracy of detection and can be mainly used in analyzing single gene and was low cost.

The long-lasting application of representative herbicide atrazine (ATR) has given rise to the accumulation of its residues in the groundwater. To investigate the impact of long-term ATR use on groundwater safety, the residues of ATR and its metabolites, desethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and hydroxyatrazine (HA) were monitored in groundwater and top soil at the major corn growing region of Qian’an and Gongzhuling in Jilin Province, China. The residues of the target compounds were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. The limits of detection (LODs) of ATR, DEA, DIA, and HA were 0.5, 0.5, 5, and 0.5 ng L-1 in groundwater and 0.33, 0.33, 3.3, and 0.33 μg kg-1 in soil. The target compounds were found in 94% of groundwater samples and 100% of soil samples. The compounds detected most frequently in groundwater were ATR (89%), DEA (64%) and HA (17%), whereas in soil were ATR (97%), DEA (36%) and HA (97%). DIA was not detected in any determined groundwater and soil sample. Average residues were 106.8 ng L-1 for ATR, 0.9 ng L-1 for DEA and 0.3 ng L-1 for HA in groundwater, whereas 11.1 μg kg-1 for ATR, 0.4 μg kg-1 for DEA and 7.8 μg kg-1 for HA in soil. ATR residues detected in groundwater samples were below standards for drinking water quality (GB5749-2006, 2 μg L-1), while the total residues of ATR and its chloro-s-triazine metabolites (DEA and DIA) were below current WHO (World Health Organization) guideline value (GV, 0.1 mg L-1). In addition, concentrations of HA in groundwater were determined below current WHO GV (0.2 mg L-1). The results indicated that ATR is safe to be used in Jilin Province under the current application scheme. However, total residues of ATR and DEA were detected in nearly all wells, thus, it is necessary to pay attention on groundwater monitoring for ATR and its metabolites.