减少氨排放是提高大气环境质量的重要途径之一，农田是全球重要的氨排放来源，合理的农田管理是减少氨排放并获得较高目标产量的基础。本研究基于不同施肥措施的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作长期定位试验，定量氨排放、作物产量和土壤肥力变化，研究全面实施4R养分管理能否显著降低土壤氨排放至较低水平，并研究4R养分管理与有机肥投入的交互作用。结果表明，与传统的高施氮量化肥处理相比，4R养分管理显着降低氨排放量至6 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1（排放因子1.72%），同时维持较高的籽粒产量（12.37 Mg ha^-1 yr^-1）和土壤肥力（土壤有机碳7.58 g kg^-1)。将4R养分管理与有机肥结合，其NH₃排放量（7 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1）和排放因子（1.74%）与4R养分管理相当，同时粮食产量和土壤有机碳分别增加到14.79 Mg ha^-1 yr^-1 和10.09 g kg^-1。与传统的高施氮量化肥处理相比，部分有机肥替代不仅显著减少NH₃排放，而且还提高作物产量和土壤肥力，而秸秆还田对NH₃排放无显著影响。本研究结果强调了通过将4R养分管理与有机肥投入相结合实现碳氮耦合，能够同时实现较高的作物产量和低的环境代价。

叶片是植物的主要光合作用器官，最佳的叶片形态有利于塑造理想株型，提高光合效率。在超高产杂交水稻模型中，袁隆平先生将水稻功能叶的形状归纳为直立、狭窄、厚实、卷曲。叶片的适度卷曲有助于其保持直立，减少阳光对叶片的辐射，并降低对叶片的损害，提高植物抵抗力，增加光合产物积累，从而提高作物产量。该研究发现srl3突变体在整个生育期都表现出半卷叶的表型，在分蘖期，其剑叶、第二叶、第三叶的叶片卷曲指数分别平均达到了41%、26%、14%。组织形态学分析发现srl3的剑叶在近轴面上位于中脉、大维管束及小维管束之间的泡状细胞数目和面积均显著性降低。石蜡切片和扫描电镜观察均发现部分小维管束对应的叶片背面缺少厚壁细胞，这些可能都是导致srl3半卷叶表型的原因。另外，我们还检测了一些卷叶相关以及细胞增殖扩展相关基因的表达水平，发现其中大部分基因的表达量都发生了显著性改变，说明SRL3基因很可能与这些卷叶及细胞增殖扩展相关基因有关，共同影响及调控水稻叶片形态。

Plants respond to drought stress with different physical manners, such as morphology and color of leaves. Thus, plants can be considered as a sort of living-sensors for monitoring dynamic of soil water content or the stored water in plant body. Because of difficulty to identify the early wilting symptom of plants from the results in 2D (two-dimension) space, this paper presented a preliminary study with 3D (three-dimension)-based image, in which a laser scanner was used for achieving the morphological information of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) leaves. Moreover, a leaf wilting index (DLWIF) was defined by fractal dimension. The experiment consisted of phase-1 for observing the temporal variation of DLWIF and phase-2 for the validation of this index. During the experiment, air temperature, luminous intensity, and volumetric soil water contents (VSWC) were simultaneously recorded over time. The results of both phases fitted the bisector (line: 1:1) with R2=0.903 and REMS=0.155. More significantly, the influence of VSWC with three levels (0.22, 0.30, and 0.36 cm3 cm-3) on the response of plant samples to drought stress was observed from separated traces of DLWIF. In brief, two conclusions have been made: (i) the laser scanner is an effective tool for the non-contact detection of morphological wilting of plants, and (ii) defined DLWIF can be a promising indicator for a category of plants like zucchini.