本试验以“甬优1540”为材料，通过2年的田间重复试验，在头季稻总施纯氮量（225.00kg·hm^-2）不变的前提下，设置头季不同氮肥运筹处理（基肥：第一次分蘖肥：第二次分蘖肥：穗肥比分别为3:1:2:4(N1)、3:2:1:4(N2)、3:3:0:4(N3)、4:3:0:3(N4)），从水稻群体分蘖特性、冠层结构特点、光合生理变化及干物质积累与运转规律入手，探讨了东南稻作区机械化栽培下头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻产量形成的影响。结果表明，头季前氮后移施肥的N1处理有助于增加头季分蘖数，提高分蘖成穗率，N1处理成穗率高达70.18%，比基蘖肥比重高的当地常规施肥N4处理提高了9.15%。N1处理还有助于提高群体LAI值，其头季及再生季齐穗期LAI值分别比N4处理提高了16.52% 和29.87%。就茎鞘物质运转率及冠层光能截获率而言，N1处理下其头季稻茎鞘物质运转率比N4处理提高了50.57%，而其再生季齐穗期的冠层光能截获率比N4处理提高了5.07%。在本试验中,头季稻前氮后移的N1处理两季实际总产量最高，2年平均实际总产达17351.23 kg·hm^-2，比当地常规施肥N4处理提高了23.00%。由此可见，头季稻合理氮肥处理有利其提高健桩存量，从而为再生季作物的群体及产量形成奠定基础。在本研究中，低留桩机械化栽培下头季稻适当的前氮后移，不仅提高头季稻产量，而且还有利其再生腋芽的萌发，增加再生季成穗率，从而实现水稻一种两收目的。

This study examined the effect of peanut quality on the storage stability of peanut butter.  The quality of 17 varieties of peanuts was analyzed, and each was used to prepare peanut butter.  For different storage temperatures and durations, stability of the peanut butter was measured according to three indicators: peroxide value, acid value, and centrifugal rate.  The correlation between peanut components and peanut butter storage stability was also investigated.  The results indicated significant differences in fatty acid composition between different varieties of peanut.  Peanut butter prepared with high oleic peanuts (Kainong 17-15) had a significantly longer shelf life than that of other varieties.  The significant correlation between the stability of peanut butter and peanut quality suggests that oleic acid and linoleic acid were the main influencing factors on stability.  This study finds that the high oleic peanuts (HOP) is the most suitable variety for making peanut butter, which can allow farmers and processors to choose the specific variety for better product and shelf life. 

    Excessive use of agro-chemicals (such as mineral fertilizers) poses potential risks to soil quality. Application of organic amendments and reduction of inorganic fertilizer are economically feasible and environmentally sound approaches to develop sustainable agriculture. This study investigated and evaluated the effects of mineral fertilizer reduction and partial substitution of organic amendment on soil fertility and heavy metal content in a 10-season continually planted vegetable field during 2009–2012. The experiment included four treatments: 100% chemical fertilizer (CF100), 80% chemical fertilizer (CF80), 60% chemical fertilizer and 20% organic fertilizer (CF60+OM20), and 40% chemical fertilizer and 40% organic fertilizer (CF40+OM40). Soil nutrients, enzyme activity and heavy metal content were determined. The results showed that single chemical fertilizer reduction (CF80) had no significant effect on soil organic matter content, soil catalase activity and soil heavy metal content, but slightly reduced soil available N, P, K, and soil urease activity, and significantly reduced soil acid phosphatase activity. Compared with CF100, 40 or 60% reduction of chemical fertilizer supplemented with organic fertilizer (CF60+OM20, CF40+OM40) significantly increased soil organic matter, soil catalase activity and urease activity especially in last several seasons, but reduced soil available P, K, and soil acid phosphatase activity. In addition, continuous application of organic fertilizer resulted in higher accumulation of Zn, Cd, and Cr in soil in the late stage of experiment, which may induce adverse effects on soil health and food safety.

Bacillus subtilis B47 is an endophytic bacterium of tomato, and produces substance that strongly inhibits the growth of Bipolaris maydis, the pathogen of southern corn leaf blight (SCLB), as well as several other phytopathogenic fungi. The antifungal substance was purified from the broth culture of the bacterium using acid precipitation, methanol extraction, and three-step chromatography. Based on FT-IR spectrometry, amino acid composition, and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS CID analyses, the antifungal substance was identified as iturin A2, a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic. To evaluate the efficacy of iturin A2 for control of SCLB, partially purified iturin A2 (75%, w/v) was applied under different conditions. At the concentration of 300 mg kg-1, iturin A2 showed efficacy ranging from 100 to 53.1% under in vitro, in plot and in field conditions. This efficacy was higher than or similar to that of the fungicide chlorothalonil. When the concentration of iturin A2 was increased to 500 mg kg-1, the control efficacy was enhanced to 64.2% in field, which was significantly higher than that of chlorothalonil. These results indicate that iturin A2 has potential for SCLB control and could be a substitute to synthetic fungicides. To our knowledge, this is the first report on using partially purified iturin A for control of SCLB under field conditions.