α-亚麻酸(ALA, 18:3^Δ9,12,15)是人类必需的脂肪酸，因为它是合成ω-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA)的前体物质。当今世界，人们普遍缺乏ALA，因为大多数大宗食用油中ALA含量较低或缺乏，基于生物技术提升大宗油料作物的ALA含量是一种很有前途的策略。在已知的油料作物中，奇亚(Salvia hispanica)的种子油中ALA含量最高。在本研究中，基于连接肽LP4-2A，我们构建了奇亚FAD2和FAD3的融合基因，然后构建了其种子特异性启动子P_NapA驱动的植物表达载体，通过根癌农杆菌介导成功转化到大宗油料作物甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)中。在T0、T1和T2株系的种子中，ALA的平均含量分别为20.86%、23.54%和24.92%，分别为未转化材料（对照）的2.21、2.68和3.03倍（含量分别为9.42%、8.78%和8.22%）。T0、T1和T2植株的种子中，最高ALA含量分别为38.41%、35.98%和39.19%，是对照的4.10—4.77倍。转基因株系中，脂肪酸（FA）途径结构基因BnACCD、BnFATA、BnSAD、BnSCD、BnDGAT1、BnDGAT2和BnDGAT3以及正调控转录因子的编码基因BnWRI1、BnLEC1、BnL1L、BnLEC2、BnABI3、BnbZIP67和BnMYB96均显著上调，而油脂积累负调控因子、次生代谢正调控因子的编码基因BnTT1、BnTT2、BnTT8、BnTT16、BnTTG1和BnTTG2均显著下调，这表明外源融合基因ShFAD2-ShFAD3直接和间接地重塑了转基因油菜种子中FA相关的整个代谢网络的正、负效应位点。

甘蓝型油菜是食用植物油和饲用蛋白的重要来源，然而种子中色素严重影响菜籽油的品质和饼粕的饲用价值。本研究以甘蓝型油菜黄籽母本GH06和黑籽父本中油821构建的重组自交系群体为研究对象，对不同环境下种子（种胚和种皮）色素组份进行QTL定位分析和候选基因的鉴定。结果共检测到94个影响种皮和种胚色素组份含量的QTL位点，44个在种胚中被检测到，50个在种皮中被检测到，分别位于甘蓝型油菜15条不同染色体上。其中包括28个花色素含量相关的QTL，单个QTL可解释2.41-44.46％的表型变异；24个类黄酮含量相关的QTL，单个QTL可解释2.41-20.26％的表型变异；16个总酚含量相关的QTL，单个QTL可解释2.74–23.68％的表型变异；26个黑色素含量相关的QTL，单个QTL可解释表型变异的2.37–24.82％，说明这些性状是由多基因控制的数量性状。同时，在A06，A09和C08染色体上存在多个QTL集中分布的现象，分别包含15个、19个和10个色素相关的QTL，且大多数QTL解释的表型变异>10%被认为是主效QTL。根据甘蓝型油菜“Darmor-bzh”参考基因组注释信息，在被重复检测到的QTL区间内筛选到67个候选基因，通过RNA-seq和qRT-PCR分析结果推断12个差异表达基因可能是参与种子色素合成相关的重要候选基因。本研究结果为甘蓝型油菜种子色素合成遗传机理提供了新的认识并为深入解析甘蓝型油菜粒色形成的分子机制奠定了基础。

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) oil is the crucial source of edible oil in China. In addition, it can become a major renewable and sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production in the future. It is known that photosynthesis products are the primary sources for dry matter accumulation in rapeseed. Therefore, increasing the photosynthetic efficiency is desirable for the raise of rapeseed yield. The objective of the present study was to identify the genetic mechanism of photosynthesis based on the description of relationships between different photosynthetic traits and their quantitative trait loci (QTL) by using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population with 172 lines. Specifically, correlation analysis in this study showed that internal CO2 concentration has negative correlations with other three physiological traits under two different stages. Totally, 11 and 12 QTLs of the four physiological traits measured at the stages 1 and 2 were detected by using a high-density single nucleotidepolymorphism (SNP) markers linkage map with composite interval mapping (CIM), respectively. Three co-localized QTLs on A03 were detected at stage 1 with 5, 5, and 10% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. Other two co-localized QTLs were located on A05 at stage 2, which explained up to 12 and 5% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. The results are beneficial for our understanding of genetic control of photosynthetic physiological characterizations and improvement of rapeseed yield in the future.