小麦近缘物种作为珍贵的遗传资源，对于农业生产、小麦功能基因组研究和品质改良具有重要的作用。在本研究中，我们利用来自小麦的再生相关基因TaWOX5，通过农杆菌转化一粒小麦，六倍体小黑麦和黑麦幼胚，以较高效率获得了转基因植株；进一步对转基因植株中的GUS基因和bar基因进行了PCR检测，对GUS蛋白和bar蛋白分别进行了组织化学染色以及bar试纸条检测，计算了转化效率。结果表明，一粒小麦基因型PI428182的转化效率为94.4%，4个六倍体小黑麦基因型Lin456、ZS3297、ZS1257和ZS3224的转化效率分别为52.1%、41.2%、19.4%和16.0%,黑麦基因型兰州黑麦的转化效率为7.8%。对转基因植株进行的荧光原位杂交（FISH）检测和基因组原位杂交（GISH）检测结果证实，在一粒小麦和六倍体小黑麦转基因植株中GUS基因倾向于整合到染色体末端，也有整合到近染色体着丝粒区域的情况；在六倍体小黑麦转基因植株中，外源DNA片段随机整合到了AABB基因组和RR基因组；转入的外源基因在转基因植株T₁代中基本符合孟德尔遗传规律。本研究结果将为利用基因工程对一粒小麦、六倍体小黑麦和黑麦的遗传改良奠定基础，促进粮食和饲料生产，同时加快了包括小麦在内的麦类植物的功能基因组学研究。

冬枣（Ziziphus jujuba cv. Dongzao）是中国优良的晚熟鲜食枣品种。质地是水果的重要感官品质指标。为探究冬枣质地指标间的关系，建立冬枣质地品质评价体系，采用TMS-Touch质地多面分析法（TPA）对采自中国三大主产区的1150个冬枣果实进行8项质地指标测定，包括胶粘性、咀嚼性、内聚性、粘附性、破裂力、弹性、硬度和最大粘附力，其最佳拟合分布分别为弹性—Beta General分布，咀嚼性、胶粘性和硬度—Inv Gauss分布，粘附性和内聚性—Log Logistic分布，破裂力—Pearson分布，最大粘附力—Weibull分布。每项冬枣质地指标均可基于最佳拟合分布，用第10、30、70和90百分位点值划分为极低、低、中、高和极高五个等级。相关分析显示，冬枣质地指标间的28个相关系数中，82%的相关系数达到极显著（p<0.01）。其中，咀嚼性与弹性和胶粘性均呈极显著正相关，相关系数分别达0.8692和0.8096；粘附性与最大粘附力呈极显著负相关，相关系数为-0.7569。在胶粘性、咀嚼性、内聚性、弹性、硬度等5项冬枣质地指标中，各指标均存在关于其余4项指标的多元线性回归方程，决定系数均在0.94以上，平均拟合误差和平均预测误差均小于10%。基于因子分析建立了冬枣质地综合评价模型：Q = 0.370C₁ + 0.251C₂ + 0.241C₃ + 0.138C₄，综合得分较高的冬枣果实表现为较高的弹性和咀嚼性，以及较低的最大粘附力和粘附性。通过因子分析和聚类分析，可将8项冬枣质地指标分为4组（内聚因子、粘附因子、梗硬因子和酥脆因子），其代表性指标分别为弹性、粘附性、硬度和破裂力。本研究探讨了冬枣果实8项质地指标及其相互关系，筛选出了代表性指标，并建立了冬枣果实质地评价体系。研究结果可为冬枣质地评价提供方法依据和技术支撑。

To deal with concerns in China about environmental degradation and a growth in population accompanied by increased consumption of livestock products, a meat alternative is required. This study compared the environmental impacts of producing different protein sources for nutrition, including crops, livestock products, and cultured meat. The results showed that cultured meat has the lowest land use per unit of protein and unit of human digestible energy. China’s crops have the lowest energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit of energy and protein. The energy use in cultured meat production is slightly higher than that of current pork production in China, whereas GHG emissions are lower. It is concluded that the overall impact of replacing livestock products with cultured meat would be beneficial for China’s environment and would potentially improve food security because less land is needed to produce the same amount of protein and energy.

Tiller angle is very important for plant architecture and canopy structure in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Physiological and ecological characteristics of three rice genotypes with different tiller angle habits were compared in the paper. DI508, a genotype with changing tiller angle during the growth, has semi-erect tillers at early tillering stage, similar to genotype M09, and had erect tillers at late stage, similar to genotype 9308. In terms of dry biomass per plant, DI508 was consistently higher than those of M09 and 9308 throughout the growth. It was also a distinct difference of leaf area per plant that DI508 was larger than two others. From booting stage, DI508 and 9308 maintained higher photosynthetic ability of the topmost three leaves, while M09 showed rapid decline in photosynthesis during grain filling. It may be concluded that the genotype DI508 with dynamic tiller angle habit has a comprehensive advantage of fast growth and high weed competition at early stage and slow decline in photosynthesis at late stage.