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1. Bt性状对转基因水稻的生长特性和杂草竞争力的影响
WANG Kang-xu, ZHANG Ke-rou, CAO Cou-gui, JIANG Yang
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2023, 22 (8): 2346-2358.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.01.001
摘要172)      PDF    收藏

转基因逃逸可能会导致外源基因基因漂移逃逸到非转基因作物及其野生近缘种,形成野生转基因群体,进而与杂草竞争生存空间,引起生态风险。目前,尚不清楚苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt)基因在转基因水稻中的表达是否会改变转基因水稻与杂草之间的关系并导致不良的环境后果。通过田间试验,研究了转基因Bt水稻在无除草剂和控制鳞翅目害虫环境下的杂草竞争力,并评估了Bt水稻的生态风险。结果表明,与移栽水稻相比,杂草-水稻竞争在直播水稻中出现更早、更严重,导致直播水稻的生物量和产量显著下降。然而,在常规品种中,相同栽培方式下的Bt水稻与非Bt水稻的产量差异不显著。在生长前期和成熟期,常规品种的Bt水稻的杂草数量、杂草覆盖率和杂草多样性指数显著高于非Bt水稻,特别是在直播水稻小区中,说明Bt性状不会增加转基因水稻的杂草竞争力,也没有对杂草多样性产生不利影响。在杂交品种中,虽然不同杂交稻系之间籽粒产量和杂草发生数量存在差异,但是这些指标在Bt和非Bt杂交水稻之间差异不显著。杂交稻小区中昆虫数量随着杂草数量的增加而增加,但是Bt和非Bt杂交水稻的昆虫数量和多样性无显著差异。因此,转基因Bt水稻的生态风险与非Bt水稻相当。

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2. 基于UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS的非靶向代谢组学揭示了地理标志大米和普通大米蒸煮前和蒸煮后的代谢物与食味品质之间的关系
SHI Shi-jie, ZHANG Gao-yu, CAO Cou-gui, JIANG Yang
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2023, 22 (7): 2271-2281.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.06.003
摘要180)      PDF    收藏

地理标志大米是指特定地理产地的大米,往往其食味品质较好,商品价格高,米饭因其柔软的质地和烹饪后的嚼劲而受到青睐。然而,地理标志大米也容易受到欺诈的困扰。了解地理标志大米优良食味品质的原因,确定地理标志大米的产地,有助于维护大米市场的稳定,促进大米产业的发展。在这项研究中,我们对大米的食味品质进行了测定。基于UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS的非靶向代谢组学方法对地理标记大米和普通大米烹蒸煮前后的代谢物进行了鉴定。我们的研究结果表明,地理标志大米具有较低的蛋白质和直链淀粉含量,从而导致较高的淀粉糊化特性和食味品质。一共鉴定出520种代谢物,其中142种和175种代谢物在蒸煮前和蒸煮后与普通大米存在显著差异。蒸煮后多种代谢物的含量与大米食味品质呈显著负相关关系。地理标记大米在蒸煮前后氨基酸和脂质代谢物的含量较低,这可能是其食味品质优良的原因。通过线性判别分析,我们发现大米蒸煮后的差异代谢物对不同地理产地的大米鉴别准确率更高,达到100%。本研究对地理标志大米的代谢物有了新的认识,从而解释了地理标志大米优良食味品质的原因。利用水稻蒸煮后的代谢产物对水稻进行地理鉴定具有较高的准确性。

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3. Sustainability of the rice–crayfish farming model in waterlogged land: A case study in Qianjiang County, Hubei Province, China
YUAN Peng-li, WANG Jin-ping, GUO Can, GUO Zi-yuan, GUO Yao, CAO Cou-gui
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2022, 21 (4): 1203-1214.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63787-5
摘要145)      PDF    收藏

近年来,稻虾共作模式得到了迅速发展,在中国成为一种经济上可行的食品供应方式,然而其环境和经济可持续性还未彻底探明。本研究利用在湖北潜江市进行的2016年的调查试验和2017年的田间试验,评估涝渍田地区稻麦轮作模式(RW)、稻虾共作模式(RC)和小龙虾单养(CM)模式的相对经济性。田间调查表明,RC模型的效益成本比(3.5:1)高于RW(2.0:1)和CM(3.1:1)模式,保护了农民在恶劣天气环境条件下的粮食生产积极性。田间试验旨在探讨RC模式的田间氮肥管理策略,以RW稻田为对照,在稻虾共作2年(RC2)和稻虾共作8年(RC8),三个田块设置0 N、5 N、10 N和15 N 4个水平的氮肥施用梯度。田间试验结果表明,RW、RC2和RC8田块分别在施用15 N、10 N和5 N时水稻产量达到峰值。在RC2和RC8田块中,小龙虾未利用的剩余饲料氮被水稻利用。因此,为提高氮肥利用效率和减少氮肥对环境的污染,提出了RC田适宜施氮量。相比于RW和CM处理,RC的农户稻田施氮量最少却获得最高的净收益。可持续发展综合农业技术(即合理的稻田配置)是有效维持水稻生产的必要条件。结果表明,RC耕作模式对涝渍田地区的稻农来说是一种可行的多样化选择。


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4. JIA-2021-0612 不同物候期不同温度组合对长江流域稻米产量和品质形成的影响
TU De-bao JIANG Yang, ZHANG Li-juan, CAI Ming-li, LI Cheng-fang, CAO Cou-gui
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2022, 21 (10): 2900-2909.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.07.056
摘要201)      PDF    收藏
水稻种植区域广以及播种期不一等原因引起的生长季温度不适宜,导致了水稻产量和品质的降低。本研究目的是评估不同物候期温度对水稻产量及品质的影响,以获得长江流域水稻不同物候期适宜温度范围。因此,本研究以区域性品种为研究对象,在长江流域不同生态区开展播期试验,观测比较水稻生育进程、产量和品质的差异。结果表明不同播期以及不同生态区,水稻生育进程、产量和品质具有显著性差异,而这恰好与营养生长期(VT)及前20天灌浆期日平均温度(GT20)显著相关。此外,与VT和GT20相比,水稻幼穗分化期温度(RT)变化差异相对较小。因此,根据不同产量和品质的VT和GT20阈值,将本研究试验结果划分为4种情景(Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, 和 Ⅳ)。其中,情景Ⅰ可获得高的整精米产量和稻米品质;与情景Ⅰ相比,情景Ⅲ和 Ⅳ的整精米产量下降了30.1%和27.6%;情景Ⅱ整精米产量增加不显著,但是其垩白粒率和垩白度要比情景Ⅰ分别高出50.6%和56.3%。综上所述,情景Ⅰ下的VT和GT20组合方式(22.8℃<VT<23.9℃和24.2℃<GT20<27.0℃或3.9℃<VT<25.3℃和4.2℃<GT20<24.9℃),可用于指导长江流域水稻播期调整和水稻适宜品种的选取,以提高该区域的水稻产量和品质。
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5. Innovation of the double-maize cropping system based on cultivar growing degree days for adapting to changing weather conditions in the North China Plain
WANG Dan, LI Guo-rui, ZHOU Bao-yuan, ZHAN Ming, CAO Cou-gui, MENG Qing-feng, XIA Fei, MA Wei, ZHAO Ming
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2020, 19 (12): 2997-3012.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63213-0
摘要112)      PDF    收藏
Double-maize cropping system is an effective option for coping with climate change in the North China Plain.  However, the effects of changes in climate on the growth and yield of maize in the two seasons are poorly understood.  Forty-six cultivars of maize with different requirements for growing degree days (GDD), categorized as high (H), medium (M) or low (L), and three cultivar combinations for two seasons as LH (using JD27 and DMY1 from category L in the first season; and YD629 and XD22 from category H in the second season), MM (using JX1 and LC3 from category M in the first season; and ZD958 and JX1 from category M in the second season) and HL (using CD30 and QY9 from category H in the first season; and XK10 and DMY3 from category L in the second season) were tested to examine the eco-physiological determinants of maize yield from 2015 to 2017.  The correlations between the combinations of cultivars and grain yield were examined.  The combination LH produced the highest annual grain yield and total biomass, regardless of the year.  It was followed, in decreasing order, by MM and HL.  Higher grain yield and biomass in LH were mainly due to the greater grain yield and biomass in the second season, which were influenced mainly by the lengths of the pre- and post-silking periods and the rate of plant growth (PGR).  Temperature was the primary factor that influenced dry matter accumulation.  In the first season, low temperatures during pre-silking decreased both the duration and PGR in LH, whereas high temperatures during post-silking decreased the PGR in MM and HL, resulting in no significant differences in biomass being observed among the three combinations.  In the second season, high temperatures decreased both the PGR and pre- and post-silking duration in MM and HL, and consequently, the biomass of those two combinations were lower than that in LH.  Moreover, because of lower GDD and radiation in the first season and higher grain yield in the second season, production efficiency of temperature and radiation (Ra) was the highest in LH.  More importantly, differences in temperature and radiation in the two seasons significantly affected the rate and duration of growth in maize, and thereby affecting both dry matter and grain yield.  Our study indicated that the combination of LH is the best for optimizing the double-maize system under changing climatic conditions in the North China Plain.
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6. Effects of N Management on Yield and N Uptake of Rice in Central China
PANSheng-gang, HUANG Sheng-qi, ZHAI Jing, WANG Jing-ping, CAO Cou-gui, CAI Ming-li, ZHAN Ming , TANG Xiang-ru
Journal of Integrative Agriculture    2012, 12 (12): 1993-2000.   DOI: 10.1016/S1671-2927(00)8736
摘要1405)      PDF    收藏
Efficient N fertilizer management is critical for the economic production of rice and the long-term protection of environmental quality. A field experiment was designed to study the effects of N fertilizer management practices on grain yield and N uptake of rice. The experiment was laid out in the randomized complete block design with four replications in Central China during 2008 and 2009. Five N treatments denoted as N0, N150A, N150B, N240A, and N240B, respectively, were studied. N0 represented no N application and served as a control, N150A and N150B indicated the total N application of 150 kg N ha-1 but with two different application schedules (A and B) across the early stage of rice growth. Schedule A was applied as follows: 40% basal, 30% at 10 d after transplanting (DAT) and 30% at 36 DAT (nearly at the panicle initiation stage), while schedule B was as follows: 30% at basal, 20% at 10 DAT, and 50% at 36 DAT. Similarly, N240A and N240B indicated the total N application of 240 kg N ha-1 with schedules A and B as described above. To quantify N uptake from fertilizer and soil, a 15N experiment was also conducted within the main experimental field, with micro-plots. Grain yields were significantly increased as N rates increased from 0 to 240 kg N ha-1. At the same rate, splitting N application as schedule B significantly increased the grain yield, spikelets per panicle, percentage of ripened grain, and 1 000-grain weight, compared with the N application according to schedule A. Mean rice recovery of N fertilizer by 15N tracing method ranged from 25.39% at N240A to 34.89% at N150B, however, N fertilizer residual rate in the soil ranged from 12.40% at N240A to 16.61% at N150B. About 31.5 and 28.5% of total uptake of 15N derived from basal fertilizer was absorbed at panicle initiation and heading stages, respectively. However, 65.6-92.5% of total uptake of 15N derived from topdressing fertilizer was absorbed at the heading stage. Based on yield and nitrogen recovery efficiency, splitting N application according to schedule B at the rate of 240 kg N ha-1 will be more profitable among the tested five N treatments in Central China.
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