近二十年来中国ALV-J的研究进展

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2024.05.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

禽白血病是由禽白血病病毒（avian leukosis virus, ALV）引起的一种重要的肿瘤性疾病。ALV属于逆转录病毒科逆转录病毒属，共分为11个亚群（ALV-A至ALV-K）。其中J亚群ALV（ALV-J）于1999年首次传入中国，最初只在肉用型鸡中传播，随后迅速传入商品蛋鸡以及地方品种鸡中，并广泛流行。ALV-J感染鸡后通常诱导产生髓细胞瘤，也可在感染的部分蛋鸡中诱导产生血管瘤，给我国养禽业的健康发展以及种源安全造成严重威胁。ALV-J作为逆转录病毒，易发生变异。与英国最早分离的ALV-J原型毒株HPRS-103相比，我国鸡群流行的ALV-J毒株的gp85基因、U3和UTR区域出现了明显变异，致病性明显增强。其中gp85的变异导致蛋鸡和地方品种鸡ALV-J分离株形成不同于肉鸡ALV-J分离株的独立进化分支，这些变异促进了ALV-J的复制和传播能力。UTR区域中205个核苷酸的缺失以及U3区的突变是其致病性增强的重要分子基础。由于ALV的复制需要依赖于大量宿主因子的参与，因此宿主因子在ALV-J的致病中发挥重要作用，研究表明p53等肿瘤调控基因的异常表达是ALV-J诱导肿瘤发生的关键。目前还没有有效的疫苗或药物来预防和控制ALV-J感染，只能依靠净化，为此，我国学者已研制了完善的禽白血病检测技术与产品，并得到广泛应用。与此同时，通过构建基因编辑鸡来抗ALV感染的相关研究也在逐步开展。本文全面综述了自ALV-J传入我国近20年来的重要进展，有利于深入了解ALV-J对我国养禽业的危害、ALV-J的遗传变异趋势和致病特点及其可能的分子机制，也为ALV-J的防控净化和未来的研究方向提供了重要指导。

Abstract:

Avian leukosis is an important tumorigenic disease caused by the avian leukosis virus (ALV) in poultry. ALVs belong to the retroviral family and are classified into 11 subgroups (ALV-A to ALV-K). Among them, ALV-J was first introduced into China in 1999, spreading widely and evolving from infecting meat-type chickens to layer chickens and Chinese local chickens. ALV-J typically induces myeloid leukosis in infected chickens, but also induces a high proportion of hemangiomas in infected layer chickens, posing a serious threat to poultry breeds in China. As a retrovirus, the genome of ALV-J has undergone significant mutations, which may be related to the expansion of the infection host range and increased pathogenicity of ALV-J. Over the last two decades, the introduction and spread of ALV-J in China have caused substantial losses to the poultry industry. Specialized detection assays have been developed to combat ALV-J infections in China. Additionally, ongoing research aims to employ gene-editing technology as a novel antiviral strategy to control the spread of ALV infections. This review highlights the importance of understanding the impact of ALV-J on the Chinese poultry industry and emphasizes the need for ongoing research and innovation to safeguard poultry health and promote sustainable poultry farming practices in China.

Key words: subgroup J avian leukosis , epidemiology , molecular variation , pathogenicity , prevention and control

Wenrui Fan, Yuntong Chen, Mengmeng Yu, Yongzhen Liu, Yulong Gao. 近二十年来中国ALV-J的研究进展[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2025, 24(2): 429-440.

Wenrui Fan, Yuntong Chen, Mengmeng Yu, Yongzhen Liu, Yulong Gao. Advances on ALV-J in China over the past two decades[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2025, 24(2): 429-440.

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