Journal of Integrative Agriculture ›› 2026, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (9): 3853-3867.DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2025.11.008

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综合氮肥管理阻控亚热带蔬菜轮作系统的氮素淋洗与灰水足迹

  

  • 收稿日期:2025-08-07 修回日期:2025-11-07 接受日期:2025-10-03 出版日期:2026-09-20 发布日期:2026-08-11

Integrative fertilizer nitrogen management mitigates nitrogen leaching and gray water footprint in a subtropical vegetable rotation system

Fen Zhang1, 2, Xiaopeng Gao3, Xiao Ma1, 2, Hailing Cao1, Fabo Liu1, 2, Tao Liang4, Xinping Chen1, 2, 5, Xiaozhong Wang1, 2, 5#   

  1. 1 College of Resources and Environment/Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China

    2 Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China

    3 Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T2N2, Canada

    4 Chongqing Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chongqing 400000, China

    5 Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Southwestern China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China

  • Received:2025-08-07 Revised:2025-11-07 Accepted:2025-10-03 Online:2026-09-20 Published:2026-08-11
  • About author:Fen Zhang, E-mail: fenzhang007@163.com; #Correspondence Xiaozhong Wang, E-mail: wxz20181707@swu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:

    This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32472834), the Innovation Research 2035 Pilot Plan of Southwest University, China (SWU-XDZD22001), and the Foundation of Graduate Research and Innovation in Chongqing, China (CYB21109).

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摘要：

氮素淋洗是亚热带作物生产系统中氮损失的主要途径，不仅导致地下水污染，还对人类健康构成严重威胁。然而，目前对亚热带露地蔬菜系统周年氮淋洗特征及综合氮肥管理措施的减排效果仍缺乏系统认知。本研究以我国西南亚热带地区的露地大白菜-辣椒轮作系统为对象，通过两组田间试验，定量评估了周年氮淋洗特征及综合氮肥管理的减排与增效作用。试验一比较了常规尿素施用下的五个施氮水平的效果；试验二在优化施氮量基础上，对比了常规尿素、有机肥、含硝化抑制剂的增效肥料和控释尿素等不同氮源的效果。结果表明，在农民习惯施氮（FNP）模式下，周年氮淋洗量高达251 kg N ha−1，其中辣椒季、大白菜季和休耕期分别贡献55、31和14%。氮淋洗总量随施氮量增加呈指数增长。FNP处理中辣椒季和大白菜季的氮淋洗因子分别为32%和17%。与FNP相比，基于作物需求与土壤供氮能力优化氮肥用量使氮淋洗量显著降低68%，灰水足迹减少66–75%，同时将氮肥利用率从35%提升至54%。试验二结果表明，在优化施氮量基础上，有机无机配施、含硝化抑制剂的增效肥料和控释尿素分别较常规尿素进一步降低周年氮淋洗量27、54和25%，并且增产2–11%，氮肥利用率提升10–13%，灰水足迹降低28–58%。研究结果表明，综合氮肥管理措施，尤其是基于优化施氮量并配合硝化抑制剂的施肥策略，能够有效减少氮淋洗，实现氮肥高效利用与蔬菜高产的双赢，为亚热带地区蔬菜可持续生产提供了可行途径。

Abstract:

Nitrogen (N) leaching is a major pathway of N loss in subtropical crop production systems, contributing to groundwater pollution and thus posing serious threats to human health.  However, the characteristics of annual N leaching in subtropical open-field vegetable systems and the effectiveness of integrative N fertilization management practices in reducing N leaching remain poorly understood.  In this study, two plot-based field experiments were conducted with open-field Chinese cabbage–pepper rotation system in subtropical Southwest China to quantify annual N leaching and evaluate the effectiveness of integrated N fertilization management practices.  Experiment 1 compared five N fertilizer application rates using conventional urea, while Experiment 2 compared different N sources including conventional urea, organic fertilizer, nitrification inhibitor-based fertilizer, and controlled-release urea which were all applied at the optimized N rate.  Results showed that the annual N leaching under farmers’ N practice (FNP) was 251 kg N ha−1, with contributions of 55, 31, and 14% from the pepper season, Chinese cabbage season, and fallow period, respectively.  Total N leaching increased exponentially with N rate.  The seasonal N leaching factor was 32% for pepper and 17% for Chinese cabbage in the FNP treatment, respectively.  Compared to FNP, optimizing N rate based on crop requirement and soil supply significantly reduced N leaching by 68% and gray water footprint by 66−75%, while improving N use efficiency (NUE) from 35 to 54%.  In Experiment 2, mixing organic and inorganic fertilizers, applying nitrification inhibitor, and using controlled-release urea further reduced annual N leaching by 27, 54, and 25%, respectively, compared to conventional urea.  These practices also improved crop yields by 2−11% and NUE by 10−13%, and lowered gray water footprint by 28−58%.  In summary, integrative N stewardship practices, particularly use of nitrification inhibitors under optimized N rates, effectively reduced N leaching while achieving high NUE and vegetable yields, providing a promising strategy for sustainable subtropical vegetable production

Key words: enhanced efficiency fertilizer , leaching factor ,  marketable yield ,  nitrogen balance ,  nitrogen rate ,  nitrogen use efficiency