Journal of Integrative Agriculture ›› 2024, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (7): 2227-2241.DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.06.034

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环境尤其是最低温度通过调控雌穗分化和籽粒发育影响夏玉米产量

  

  • 收稿日期:2023-03-20 接受日期:2023-06-09 出版日期:2024-07-20 发布日期:2024-07-01

The environment, especially the minimum temperature, affects summer maize grain yield by regulating ear differentiation and grain development

Jing Chen, Baizhao Ren, Bin Zhao, Peng Liu, Jiwang Zhang#   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
  • Received:2023-03-20 Accepted:2023-06-09 Online:2024-07-20 Published:2024-07-01
  • About author:Jing Chen, E-mail: 15650451831@163.com; #Correspondence Jiwang Zhang, Tel: +86-538-8245838, E-mail: jwzhang@sdau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong Province, China (2021LZGC014-2), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32172115), and the National Modern Agriculture Industry Technology System, China (CARS-02-21).

摘要:

雌穗分化、籽粒发育及其与温度、太阳辐射、降水等生长季环境条件的互作,极大地影响穗粒数和粒重,最终影响夏玉米产量。2018-2020年,本研究共设置5个播期处理,通过3年的播期试验,评价了温度因子、平均太阳辐射和总降水量对黄淮海地区4个不同生育期夏玉米品种的生育进程、雌穗分化、受精结实特性、籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响。结果表明,夏玉米产量形成受吐丝(R1)至乳熟期(R3)环境条件的影响较大。平均最低气温(ATmin)是决定产量形成的关键环境因子。出苗(VE)到R1ATmin升高会导致夏玉米的生育期缩短(r=-0.556,P<0.01),雌穗总小花数(R2=0.200,P<0.001)减少。灌浆速率(R2=0.520,P<0.001)和雌穗小花败育率(R2=0.437,P<0.001)均与R1至成熟期(R6)的ATmin呈二次曲线关系,而花后天数(r=-0.756,P<0.01)与ATmin呈显著负相关。花后ATmin的适度提高有利于产量的提升(R1-R3阶段不高于23°CR1-R6阶段不高于21°C),增加的太阳辐射和降水量有利于籽粒灌浆速率(R2=0.562,P<0.001和R2=0.229,P<0.05)的提高。与短生育期品种相比,长生育期品种表现出更强的环境适应性。协调吐丝前后的ATmin条件与雌穗分化和籽粒发育的匹配可增加雌穗总小花数、籽粒灌浆速率,降低小花败育率,从而提高玉米产量。

Abstract:

Ear differentiation, grain development and their interaction with factors in the growing environment, such as temperature, solar radiation and precipitation, greatly influence grain number and grain weight, and ultimately affect summer maize production.  In this study, field experiments involving different sowing dates were conducted over three years to evaluate the effects of temperature factors, average solar radiation and total precipitation on the growth process, ear differentiation, fertilization characteristics, grain filling and yield of summer maize varieties with different growth durations.  Four hybrids were evaluated in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (HHHP), China from 2018 to 2020 with five different sowing dates.  The results showed that the grain yield formation of summer maize was strongly impacted by the environment from the silking (R1) to milking (R3) stage.  Average minimum temperature (ATmin) was the key environmental factor that determined yield.  Reductions in the length of the growing season (r=–0.556, P<0.01) and the total floret number on ear (R2=0.200, P<0.001) were found when ATmin was elevated from the emerging (VE) to R1 stage.  Both grain-filling rate (R2=0.520, P<0.001) and the floret abortion rate on ear (R2=0.437, P<0.001) showed quadratic relationships with ATmin from the R1 to physiological maturity (R6) stage, while the number of days after the R1 stage (r=–0.756, P<0.01) was negatively correlated with ATmin.  An increase in ATmin was beneficial for the promotion of yield when it did not exceeded a certain level (above 23°C during the R1–R3 stage and 20–21°C during the R1-R6 stage).  Enhanced solar radiation and precipitation during R1–R6 increased the grain-filling rate (R2=0.562, P<0.001 and R2=0.229, P<0.05, respectively).  Compared with short-season hybrids, full-season hybrids showed much greater suitability for a critical environment.  The coordinated regulation of ATmin, ear differentiation and grain development at the pre- and post-silking stages improved maize yield by increasing total floret number and grain-filling rate, and by reducing the floret abortion rate on ear. 

Key words: sowing date  , hybrid maturity , growing environment  , ear differentiation and grain development