Gender and rural transformation: A systematic literature review

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2023.10.035

摘要/Abstract

Abstract: Rural transformation can improve poverty reduction, living standards, and health outcomes in developing countries. However, impacts associated with rural transformation vary by region, household, and individual trait (including gender). While research on rural transformation has been increasing over the last decade, there has been no comprehensive review conducted on the relationships between gender and rural transformation. Here, we conduct a systematic literature review to investigate the impacts of rural transformation on gender and the influence of gender inclusiveness on rural transformation. We reviewed 82 studies from 1960–2021 that explore the relationships between rural transformation and gender. We then developed a framework that captures incidences and flow directions between indicators. Results show that most studies examined the impacts of rural transformation on women and between gender indicators. Few investigated the role of women and the influence of gender inclusiveness on rural transformation. Overall, studies showed that rural transformation typically leads to positive outcomes for women regarding employment, income, and empowerment. However, negative impacts on women’s control over income, stability of new income sources, and access to healthy food are also common. Tailoring future development policies and programs to explicitly account for gender inclusiveness can lead to more successful rural transformation.

Key words: gender , rural transformation , structural transformation , women’s empowerment

Maria Fay ROLA-RUBZEN, Hue T. VUONG, Claire DOLL, Curtis ROLLINS, Jon Marx SARMIENTO, Mohammad Jahangir ALAM, Ismat Ara BEGUM. [J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(12): 3624-3637.

Maria Fay ROLA-RUBZEN, Hue T. VUONG, Claire DOLL, Curtis ROLLINS, Jon Marx SARMIENTO, Mohammad Jahangir ALAM, Ismat Ara BEGUM. Gender and rural transformation: A systematic literature review[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(12): 3624-3637.

参考文献

Aiyar A, Rahman A, Pingali P. 2021. India’s rural transformation and rising obesity burden. World Development, 138, 105258.

Alam J. 1997. Impact of smallholder livestock development project in some selected areas of rural Bangladesh. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 9, 1–14.

Alemu A E, Adesina J O. 2017. In search of rural entrepreneurship: Non-farm household enterprises (NFEs) as instruments of rural transformation in Ethiopia. African Development Review, 29, 259–271.

Aregu L, Bishop-Sambrook C, Puskur R, Tesema E. 2010. Opportunities for Promoting Gender Equality in Rural Ethiopia Through the Commercialization of Agriculture. Improving Productivity and Market Success of Ethiopian Farmers Working Paper No. 18. International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa. pp. 1–85.

Bank L. 2010. Beyond red and school: Gender, tradition and identity in the rural Eastern Cape. Journal of Southern African Studies, 8, 631–649.

Barrett H R, Browne A W. 1994. Women’s time, labour-saving devices and rural development in Africa. Community Development Journal, 29, 203–214.

Bayisenge R, Shengde H, Harimana Y, Karega J B, Nasrullah M, Tuyiringire D. 2019. Gender equality, agriculture and rural development: Evidence from Nyamasheke coffee production in Rwanda. International Journal of Gender and Women’s Studies, 7, 29–40.

Belton B, Filipski M. 2019. Rural transformation in central Myanmar: By how much, and for whom? Journal of Rural Studies, 67, 166–176.

Benfica R, Henderson H. 2019. The effect of the sectoral composition of economic growth on rural and urban poverty. The Review of Income and Wealth, 67, 248–284.

Bigler C, Amacker M, Ingabire C, Birachi E. 2017. Rwanda’s gendered agricultural transformation: A mixed-method study on the rural labour market, wage gap and care penalty. Women’s Studies International Forum, 64, 17–27.

Brown J C, Guinnane T W. 2017. Infant mortality decline in rural and urban Bavaria: Fertility, economic transformation, infant care, and inequality in Bavaria and Munich, 1825–1910. The Economic History Review, 71, 853–886.

Bullock R, Tegbaru A. 2019. Women’s agency in changing contexts: A case study of innovation processes in Western Kenya. Geoforum, 105, 78–88.

Charatsari C, Papadaki-Klavdianou A. 2015. First be a woman? Rural development, social change and women farmers’ lives in Thessaly-Greece. Journal of Gender Studies, 26, 164–183.

Charlton D, Taylor J E. 2020. Rural school access and the agricultural transformation. Agricultural Economics, 51, 641–654.

Christiaensen L, Todo Y. 2014. Poverty reduction during the rural–urban transformation - The role of the missing middle. World Development, 63, 43–58.

Clark C. 1940. The Conditions of Economic Progress. Mcmillan, London.

Curry G N, Koczberski G, Inu S M. 2019. Women’s and men’s work: The production and marketing of fresh food and export crops in Papua New Guinea. Oceania, 89, 237–254.

Dabla-Norris E, Thomas A, Garcia-Verdu R, Chen Y. 2013. Benchmarking structural transformation across the world. IMF Working Paper WP/13/176. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.

Dawe D. 2015. Agricultural transformation of middle-income Asian economies: Diversification, farm size and mechanization. ESA Working Paper No. 15-04. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.

Dzanku F M. 2019. Food security in rural sub-Saharan Africa: Exploring the nexus between gender, geography and off-farm employment. World Development, 113, 26–43.

Ecker O. 2018. Agricultural transformation and food and nutrition security in Ghana: Does farm production diversity (still) matter for household dietary diversity? Food Policy, 79, 271–282.

Eden J. 1991. Mobilisation and employment of female labour in Malaysia. Pacific Viewpoint, 32, 66–87.

Emerick K. 2018. Agricultural productivity and the sectoral reallocation of labor in rural India. Journal of Development Economics, 135, 488–503.

Fisher A G B. 1939. Production, primary, secondary and tertiary. Economic Record, 15, 24–38.

Francis E. 2002. Gender, migration and multiple livelihoods: Cases from eastern and southern Africa. The Journal of Development Studies, 38, 167–190.

Fujita M, Thisse J F. 2003. Does geographical agglomeration foster economic growth? And who gains and loses from it? The Japanese Economic Review, 54, 121–145.

Galloway F B, Wynberg R P, Nott K. 2016. Commercialising a perfume plant, Commiphora wildii: Livelihood implications for indigenous Himba in north-west Namibia. International Forestry Review, 18, 429–443.

Gangadharan A. 2008. Paradoxes of agricultural transformation: Changing gender roles and power relations in Kerala, India. Ph D thesis, University of Leicester, UK. pp 1–282.

Glover D, Kusterer K. 1990. Small Farmers, Big Business: Contract Farming and Rural Development. Palgrave Macmillan, London. pp. 1–170.

Gouse M, Sengupta D, Zambrano P, Zepeda J F. 2016. Genetically modified maize: Less drudgery for her, more maize for him? Evidence from smallholder maize farmers in South Africa. World Development, 83, 27–38.

Handaragama S, Rathnayake H, Uluwaduge P. 2013. Women’s economic participation in rural development. International Journal of Education and Research, 1, 1–18.

Heckert J, Pereira A, Doss C, Myers E C, Quisumbing A. 2021. Structural transformation and gendered transitions to adulthood among rural youth: Cross-national evidence from low- and middle-income countries. The Journal of Development Studies, 57, 614–634.

Him M S, Hoşgör A G. 2019. Challenging geographical disadvantages and social exclusion: A case study of gendered rural transformation in mountain villages in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Sociologia Ruralis, 59, 540–559.

van Houweling E, Hall R P, Diop A S, Davis J, Seiss M. 2012. The role of productive water use in women’s livelihoods: Evidence from rural Senegal. Water Alternatives, 5, 658–677.

Huang J, Shi P. 2020. Regional rural and structural transformations and farmer’s income in the past four decades in China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 13, 278–301.

Imai K S, Gaiha R, Garbero A. 2017. Poverty reduction during the rural–urban transformation: Rural development is still more important than urbanisation. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39, 963–982.

Incirlioglu E O. 1991. Gender relations in rural transformation: Two central Anatolian villages. Ph D thesis, University of Florida, Florida. pp. 1–419.

James A J, Verhagen J, van Wijk C, Nanavaty R, Parikh M, Bhatt M. 2002. Transforming time into money using water: A participatory study of economics and gender in rural India. Natural Resources Forum, 26, 205–217.

Janssens C, van den Broeck G, Maertens M, Lambrecht I. 2019. What if mothers are entrepreneurs? Non-farm businesses and child schooling in rural Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 66, 95–103.

Jin S, Deininger K. 2009. Land rental markets in the process of rural structural transformation: Productivity and equity impacts from China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 37, 629–646.

Johnson J E, Taylor E J. 2019. The long run health consequences of rural–urban migration. Quantitative Economics, 10, 565–606.

Kelly P F. 2011. Migration, agrarian transition, and rural change in Southeast Asia: Introduction. Critical Asian Studies, 43, 479–506.

Khalfan M. 2012. Linking smallholders with trans-national agribusiness through contract farming: Pro-poor growth or dependency? MSc thesis, Saint Mary’s University, Nova Scotia. pp. 1–175.

Khamthara P, Zeng D, Stringer R, Yi D. 2018. Horticultural development and its welfare implications on agricultural household education investment in Indonesia. In: The International Association of Agricultural Economists 2018 Conference. Vancouver. pp. 1–24.

Kibria M G, Mowla R. 2004. Sustainable aquaculture development: Impacts on the social livelihood of ethnic minorities in northern Vietnam with emphasis on gender. In: Global Symposium on Gender and Fisheries: Seventh Asian Fisheries Forum. Penang, Malaysia. pp. 1–8.

Klasen S. 2000. Does gender inequality reduce growth and development? Evidence from cross-country regressions. World Bank Policy Research Report Working Paper No. 7. World Bank, Washington, D.C. pp. 1–40.

Kouser S, Abedullah, Qaim M. 2017. Bt cotton and employment effects for female agricultural laborers in Pakistan. New Biotechnology, 34, 40–46.

Kreutzmann H. 1993. Challenge and response in the Karakoram: Socioeconomic transformation in Hunza, Northern Areas, Pakistan. Mountain Research and Development, 13, 19–39.

Kuznets S. 1966. Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure and Spread. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut and London.

Lewis W A. 1954. Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. Manchester School, 22, 139–191.

Lin J. 1993. Women and rural development in China. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 16, 229–240.

Majokweni Z Z P. 2019. Gender and rural vitality: Empowerment through women’s community groups. MSc thesis, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.

Matthys M L, Acharya S, Khatri S. 2021. ‘‘Before cardamom, we used to face hardship”: Analyzing agricultural commercialization effects in Nepal through a local concept of the good life. World Development, 141, 105410.

McGregor A. 2008. Southeast Asian Development. Routledge, London.

McKay D. 2013. Reading remittance landscapes: Female migration and agricultural transition in the Philippines. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 105, 89–99.

Meemken E M, Qaim M. 2018. Can private food standards promote gender equality in the small farm sector? Journal of Rural Studies, 58, 39–51.

Mehrotra S, Parida J K. 2017. Why is the labour force participation of women declining in India? World Development, 98, 360–380.

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman D G, PRISMA Group. 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151, 264–269.

Mu R, van de Walle D. 2011. Left behind to farm? Women’s labor re-allocation in rural China. Labour Economics, 18, 583–597.

Naylor R. 1994. Culture and agriculture: Employment practices affecting women in Java’s rice economy. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 42, 509–535.

Nguyen C V, Tran A N. 2014. The role of crop land during economic development: Evidence from rural Vietnam. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 41, 561–582.

Noe C, Howland O, Brockington D. 2021. Women’s Tears or Coffee Blight? Gender Dynamics and Livelihood Strategies in Contexts of Agricultural Transformation in Tanzania. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 154–176.

Nooteboom G. 2019. Understanding the nature of rural change: The benefits of migration and the (re)creation of precarity for men and women in rural Central Java, Indonesia. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 7, 113–133.

Ogbeide-Osaretin E N, Ozougwu B, Ebhote O. 2019. Accelerating agricultural productivity and marketing for rural transformation in Nigeria. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 9, 313–330.

Panda B. 2017. Rural employment diversification in North East India: An analysis. Journal of Rural Development, 36, 163–180.

Pingali P L. 1997. From subsistence to commercial production systems: The transformation of Asian agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79, 628–634.

Porzio T, Rossi F, Santangelo G. 2022. The human side of structural transformation. American Economic Review, 112, 2774–2814.

Pudianti A, Suprapti A, Syahbana J A. 2020. Harmonizing gender role in the process of commercialization. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9, 3793–3798.

Ramírez E, Ruben R. 2015. Gender systems and women’s labor force participation in the Salmon industry in Chiloé, Chile. World Development, 73, 96–104.

Reardon T, Timmer C P. 2014. Five inter-linked transformations in the Asian agrifood economy: Food security implications. Global Food Security, 3, 108–117.

Rigg J, Vandergeest P. 2012. Revisiting Rural Places: Pathways to Poverty and Prosperity in Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Rodriguez L G, Perez M R, Yang X, Geriletu. 2011. From farm to rural hostel: New opportunities and challenges associated with tourism expansion in Daxi, a village in Anji County, Zhejiang, China. Sustainability, 3, 306–321.

Rutherford B, Chemane-Chilemba L. 2020. The governance of artisanal and small-scale mining in Manica District, Mozambique: Implications for women’s livelihoods. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 54, 139–156.

Sati M C, Juyal R P. 2008. A gender approach to sustainable rural development of mountains. Mountain Research and Development, 28, 8–12.

Schmidt E, Mueller V, Rosenbach G. 2020. Rural households in Papua New Guinea afford better diets with income from small businesses. Food Policy, 97, 101964.

Sim H C. 2011. Coping with change: Rural transformation and women in contemporary Sarawak, Malaysia. Critical Asian Studies, 43, 595–616.

Slavchevska V, Kaaria S, Taivalmaa S L. 2016. Feminization of Agriculture in the Context of Rural Transformations: What is the Evidence? World Bank Report No ACS20815. World Bank, Washington, DC. pp 1–50.

Thi N P, Kappas M, Wyss D. 2020. Benefits and constraints of the agricultural land acquisition for urbanization for household gender equality in affected rural communes: A case study in Huong Thuy town, Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. Land, 9, 249.

Thomas-Slayter B, Bhatt N. 1994. Land, livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender, caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village. Human Ecology, 22, 467–494.

Thurlow J, Dorosh P, Davis B. 2019. Chapter 3 -Demographic change, agriculture, and rural poverty. In: Campanhola C, Pandey S, eds., Sustainable Food and Agriculture: An Integrated Approach. Food and Agriculture Organization and Elsevier, Rome, Italy. pp. 31–53.

Timmer C P. 1988. Chapter 8 - The agricultural transformation. Handbook of Development Economics, 1, 275–331.

UN-Habitat. 2016. Structural Transformation in Developing Countries: Cross Regional Analysis. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Nairobi. pp. 1–40.

Vlassoff C. 1994. From rags to riches: The impact of rural development on women’s status in an Indian village. World Development, 22, 707–719.

Wickramasinghe A. 1993. Development intervention and the changing status of rural women in Sri Lanka. Geoforum, 24, 63–69.

World Bank. 2022a. Employment in agriculture, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate). [2023-1-30]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS

World Bank. 2022b. The world by income and region. [2023-1-30]. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/the-world-by-income-and-region.html

Yokoyama S, Gauchan D. 1999. Impact of fruit tree incorporation into farming systems on employment and income in the hill region of Nepal. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 33, 201–206.

You K, Sarantis N. 2012. Structural breaks, rural transformation and total factor productivity growth in China. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 39, 231–242.

Zantsi S, Bester B J. 2020. Dynamism in rural households’ income sources, food preference, daily activities and investment strategies: Insights from Ndabakazi villages in Butterworth, Eastern Cape, South Africa. South African Review of Sociology, 51, 42–60.

Zhang X, Rashid S, Ahmad K, Ahmed A. 2014. Escalation of real wages in Bangladesh: Is it the beginning of structural transformation? World Development, 64, 273–285.