基于表层土壤速效养分临界值的我国旱地小麦氮磷钾肥施用优化

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2023.11.049

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

优化作物施肥管理对提高作物产量和减少化肥施用量具有重要意义。土壤养分临界值可用于评估作物的养分供应状况，它反映了作物达到最大潜在产量时所需的最低养分供应量。基于我国旱地麦区504户农户调研和60个田间试验数据，本文提出了一种确定冬小麦氮磷钾肥施用量的推荐施肥方法，并在我国北方66个不同地点进行了田间试验验证。结果表明：冬小麦籽粒产量变化范围为1.1-9.2 t hm^-2，平均产量为4.6 t hm^-2，且与收获期表层土壤（0-20 cm）硝态氮和速效磷含量呈二次函数关系，但与氮磷钾肥施用量无相关关系。根据60个田间试验中冬小麦相对产量与收获时表层土壤硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的关系（指数函数），确定了冬小麦相对产量位于95-105%时表层土壤硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾的养分临界值分别为34.6, 15.6和150 mg kg^-1。基于相对产量分组（>125%、115-125%、105-115%、95-105%、<95%）和指数函数模型，确定了每组表层土壤养分临界值和施肥系数（Fc）。基于此，本文提出了一种计算推荐施肥量的方法：Fr=Gy×Nr×Fc，其中Fr是推荐施肥量（氮磷钾肥料施用量），Gy是冬小麦百公斤籽粒氮磷钾养分需求量（N_rN , N_rP, N_rK），Fc是氮磷钾肥料施用系数（N_c, P_c, K_c）。在我国北方，为期两年的田间验证试验表明，新的推荐施肥方法在保证产量的同时减少了17.5%的氮肥投入（38.5 kg N hm^-2）和43.5%的磷肥投入（57.5 kg P₂O₅ hm^-2），且可显著增加农户收益（7.58%，即139美元 hm^-2）。因此，新的推荐施肥方法可指导我国旱地小麦氮磷钾肥料施用，促进化肥科学减肥。

Abstract:

The optimized management of crop fertilization is very important for improving crop yield and reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers. Critical nutrient values can be used for evaluating the nutritional status of a crop, and they reflect the nutrient concentrations above which the plant is sufficiently supplied for achieving the maximum potential yield. Based on on-farm surveys of 504 farmers and 60 field experimental sites in the drylands of China, we proposed a recommended fertilization method to determine nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer input rates for wheat production, and then validated the method by a field experiment at 66 different sites in northern China. The results showed that wheat grain yield varied from 1.1 to 9.2 t ha⁻¹, averaging 4.6 t ha⁻¹, and it had a quadratic relationship with the topsoil (0−20 cm) nitrate N and soil available P contents at harvest. However, yield was not correlated with the inputs of N, P, and K fertilizers. Based on the relationship (exponential decay model) between 95–105% of the relative yield and topsoil nitrate N, available P, and available K contents at wheat harvest from 60 field experiments, the topsoil critical nutrient values were determined as 34.6, 15.6, and 150 mg kg⁻¹ for soil nitrate N, available P, and available K, respectively. Then, based on five groups of relative yield (>125%, 115–125%, 105–115%, 95–105%, and <95%) and the model, the five groups of topsoil critical nutrient levels and fertilization coefficients (Fc) were determined. Finally, we proposed a new method for calculating the recommended fertilizer input rate as: Fr=Gy×Nr×Fc, where Fr is the recommended fertilizer (N/P/K) input rate; Gy is the potential grain yield; Nr is the N(N_rN), P(N_rP), and K(N_rK) nutrient requirements for wheat to produce 1,000 kg of grain; and Fc is a coefficient for N(N_c)/P(P_c)/K(K_c) fertilizer. A 2-year validated experiment confirmed that the new method reduced N fertilizer input by 17.5% (38.5 kg N ha⁻¹) and P fertilizer input by 43.5% (57.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) in northern China and did not reduce the wheat yield. This outcome can significantly increase the farmers’ benefits (by 7.58%, or 139 US$ ha⁻¹). Therefore, this new recommended fertilization method can be used as a tool to guide N, P, and K fertilizer application rates for dryland wheat production.

Key words: fertilization method , dryland wheat , soil nutrient critical value , soil nitrogen , topsoil nutrients

Wenjie Yang, Jie Yu, Yanhang Li, Bingli Jia, Longgang Jiang, Aijing Yuan, Yue Ma, Ming Huang, Hanbing Cao, Jinshan Liu, Weihong Qiu, Zhaohui Wang. 基于表层土壤速效养分临界值的我国旱地小麦氮磷钾肥施用优化[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2024, 23(7): 2421-2433.

Wenjie Yang, Jie Yu, Yanhang Li, Bingli Jia, Longgang Jiang, Aijing Yuan, Yue Ma, Ming Huang, Hanbing Cao, Jinshan Liu, Weihong Qiu, Zhaohui Wang. Optimized NPK fertilizer recommendations based on topsoil available nutrient criteria for wheat in drylands of China[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2024, 23(7): 2421-2433.

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