中国西南季节性干旱区不同生育期滴灌水肥亏缺调控提高猕猴桃果实品质

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2023.08.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

长期以来，西南地区季节性干旱频发，猕猴桃果园水肥管理无量化标准，严重影响猕猴桃产量和品质。因此，探究不同生育期滴灌水肥亏缺调控 (WFDR_DI)对猕猴桃果实品质的影响规律，实现猕猴桃节水节肥和绿色高效生产。本研究以“金艳”猕猴桃为试材，分别在2017和2018年以充分灌溉施肥为对照 (CK)，在抽梢展叶期 (stage I)、开花坐果期 (stage II)、果实膨大期 (stage III)和果实成熟期 (stage IV)设置两个亏缺灌溉水平 (W_D20%和W_D40%)和三个亏缺施肥水平 (F_D15%, F_D30%和F_D45%)。结果表明，果实生育Ⅱ期和III期滴灌水肥亏缺调控对猕猴桃果实物理品质产生了显著影响，其中在III-W_D40%F_D30%和III-W_D20%F_D45%处理下果实硬度分别显著增加13.62%和15.59% (P<0.05)；在Ⅱ-W_D40%F_D15%和III-W_D40%F_D15%处理下干物质量分别显著增加8.19%和6.47% (P<0.05)；在III-W_D20%F_D15%处理下果实单果重和单果体积分别显著增加9.33%和12.65% (P<0.05)；在Ⅱ-W_D20%F_D15%处理下果实含水量显著增加1.99% (P<0.05)。滴灌水肥亏缺调控对猕猴桃果实化学品质有明显影响。在Ⅲ-W_D20%F_D45%、Ⅳ-W_D40%F_D15%和Ⅳ-W_D20%F_D30%处理下猕猴桃果实Vc含量分别显著增加69.96%、36.96%和34.31% (P<0.05)；在Ⅲ-W_D40%F_D15%和Ⅳ-W_D40%F_D15%处理下果实TSS含量分别显著增加3.79%和17.05% (P<0.05)，同时果实可溶性糖含量也分别显著增加了28.61% 和 34.79% (P<0.05)；果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量也呈明显上升趋势，并在III-W_D40%F_D15%和Ⅳ-W_D40%F_D15%处理下分别显著增加5.58%~19.63%、40.55%~60.36%和54.03%~54.92% (P<0.05)；果实糖酸比在Ⅳ-W_D40%F_D15%处理下显著增加64.65% (P<0.05)。猕猴桃果实品质受水肥亏缺程度和发生时间的综合影响，在生育Ⅱ期和III期进行水肥亏缺调控有利于提升果实物理品质，其水肥亏缺阈值为20%水分亏缺和15%肥料亏缺；生育III期和Ⅳ期是水肥耦合促进果实化学品质提升的关键时期，其水肥亏缺阈值为40%水分亏缺和15%肥料亏缺。因此，以猕猴桃精准节水减肥为目标，猕猴桃全生育期内滴灌水肥亏缺调控下Ⅰ-W_D20%F_D30%、Ⅱ-W_D40%F_D15%、Ⅲ-W_D40%F_D15%和Ⅳ-W_D40%F_D15%处理是改善猕猴桃果实品质的最佳模式。

Abstract:

For a long time, seasonal drought occurs frequently in Southwest China, and the management of water and fertilizer in kiwifruit orchards has no quantitative standards, which seriously affects the yield and quality of kiwifruit. Therefore, the effects of water and fertilizer deficit regulation with drip irrigation (WFDR_DI) on the quality of kiwifruit at different growth stages were explored to achieve water and fertilizer saving, and green and efficient production of kiwifruit. We select ‘Jin Yan’ kiwifruit and set two water deficit levels (W_D20% and W_D40%) and three fertilizer deficit levels (F_D15%, F_D30% and F_D45%) at bud burst to leafing stage (stage I), flowering to fruit set stage (stage II), fruit expansion stage (stage III) and fruit maturation stage (stage IV), respectively, with a full irrigation and fertilization as the control treatment (CK) in 2017 and 2018. Results showed that the WFDR_DI at stage II and III had significant effect on fruit physical quality of kiwifruit, specifically, the III-W_D40%F_D30% and III-W_D20%F_D45%treatments significantly increased fruit firmness by 13.62 and 15.59% (P<0.05), respectively; the II-W_D40%F_D15% and III-W_D40%F_D15% treatments significantly increased dry matter by 8.19 and 6.47% (P<0.05), respectively; the III-W_D20%F_D15%treatment significantly increased single fruit weight and fruit volume by 9.33 and 12.65% (P<0.05), respectively; the II-W_D20%F_D15%treatment significantly increased fruit water content by 1.99% (P<0.05). The WFDR_DI had an obvious effect on fruit chemical quality of kiwifruit. The III-W_D20%F_D45%, IV-W_D40%F_D15% and IV-W_D20%F_D30% treatments significantly increased vitamin C (Vc) content by 69.96, 36.96 and 34.31% (P<0.05), respectively; the III-W_D40%F_D15% and IV-W_D40%F_D15%treatments significantly increased total soluble solid (TSS) content by 3.79 and 17.05% (P<0.05), respectively, and significantly increased soluble sugar content by 28.61 and 34.79% (P<0.05), respectively; the contents of fructose, glucose and sucrose also had a significantly increasing trend, which was increased significantly by 5.58–19.63%, 40.55–60.36% and 54.03–54.92% in the III-W_D40%F_D15% and IV-W_D40%F_D15%treatments (P<0.05), respectively; sugar–acid ratio was increased significantly in the IV-W_D40%F_D15%treatment by 64.65% (P<0.05). The degree and duration of water and fertilizer deficit had a comprehensive effect on fruit quality of kiwifruit. The WFDR_DI at stage II and III contribute to improving fruit physical quality, and the threshold of water and fertilizer deficit were 20 and 15%, respectively; stage III and IV are the critical periods for improving fruit chemical quality by water and fertilizer coupling effect, and the threshold of water and fertilizer deficit were 40 and 15%, respectively. Therefore, aiming at precise water and fertilizer saving, the I-W_D20%F_D30%, II-W_D40%F_D15%, III-W_D40%F_D15% and IV-W_D40%F_D15% treatments under WFDR_DI during the whole growth period of kiwifruit were the best mode to improve quality and production of kiwifruit.

Key words: water deficit , fertilizer deficit , water and fertilizer coupling , fruit physical quality , fruit chemical quality

ZHA Yu-xuan, CHEN Fei, WANG Zhi-hui, JIANG Shou-zheng, CUI Ning-bo. 中国西南季节性干旱区不同生育期滴灌水肥亏缺调控提高猕猴桃果实品质[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(10): 3042-3058.

ZHA Yu-xuan, CHEN Fei, WANG Zhi-hui, JIANG Shou-zheng, CUI Ning-bo. Effects of water and fertilizer deficit regulation with drip irrigation at different growth stages on fruit quality improvement of kiwifruit in seasonal arid areas of Southwest China[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(10): 3042-3058.

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