分蘖成穗率是提高小麦籽粒产量、光合能力和氮效率的关键

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2022.10.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

过去几十年来，品种改良提高了小麦籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率，因此，21世纪长江流域小麦品种的籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率均高于先前的品种。但更高籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率的性状和机制还不清楚。为了探索这些新品种更高的籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率机制。本研究于2016-2019年连续3个生长季选择21个当地小麦品种进行栽培。三年度籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率均呈显著正相关关系。这些品种被分为高产高效、中产中效和低产低效类型（分别缩写为HH、MM和LL）。HH类型具有显著高的籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率。高产是由于通过高分蘖成穗率增加了有效穗数以及高花后单茎生物量增加了单穗产量。与其他类型相比，HH具有更强的花后叶面积持绿能力和更高的剑叶净光合速率。更高的花前氮素积累量增加了花前单茎氮素积累，包括茎鞘、叶片和单位叶面积，并且提高了氮肥吸收效率，这也是氮肥利用效率提高的主要原因。此外，分蘖成穗率与单茎氮素积累量、单位叶面积氮素积累量、叶片持绿能力和剑叶净光合速率均显著相关，表明，提升分蘖成穗率促进了氮素吸收、叶片氮素积累量和光合能力，从而实现籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率的协同提升。因此，分蘖成穗率被认为是一个可以用来品种选育和管理，以提高农业效率和可持续性的重要核心指标。

Abstract: Genetic improvement has promoted wheat’s grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) during the past decades. Therefore, the current wheat cultivars exhibit higher grain yield and NUE than previous cultivars in the Yangtze River Basin, China since the 2000s. However, the critical traits and mechanisms of the increased grain yield and NUE remain unknown. This study explores the mechanisms underlying these new cultivars’ increased grain yield and NUE by studying 21 local cultivars cultivated for three growing seasons from 2016 to 2019. Significantly positive correlations were observed between grain yield and NUE in the three years. The cultivars were grouped into high (HH), medium (MM), and low (LL) grain yield and NUE groups. The HH group exhibited significantly high grain yield and NUE. High grain yield was attributed to more effective ears by high tiller fertility and greater single-spike yield by increasing postanthesis single-stem biomass. Compared to other groups, the HH group demonstrated a longer leaf stay-green ability and a greater flag leaf photosynthetic rate after anthesis. It also showed higher N accumulation at pre-anthesis, which contributed to increasing N accumulation per stem, including stem and leaf sheath, leaf blade, and unit leaf area at preanthesis, and promoting N uptake efficiency, the main contribution of high NUE. Moreover, tiller fertility was positively related to N accumulation per stem, N accumulation per unit leaf area, leaf stay-green ability, and flag leaf photosynthetic rate, which indicates that improving tiller fertility promoted N uptake, leaf N accumulation, and photosynthetic ability, thereby achieving synchronous improvements in grain yield and NUE. Therefore, tiller fertility is proposed as an important kernel indicator that can be used in the breeding and management of cultivars to improve agricultural efficiency and sustainability.

Key words: grain yield , NUE , tiller fertility , photosynthesis , nitrogen uptake

DING Yong-gang, ZHANG Xin-bo, MA Quan, LI Fu-jian, TAO Rong-rong, ZHU Min, Li Chun-yan, ZHU Xin-kai, GUO Wen-shan, DING Jin-feng. 分蘖成穗率是提高小麦籽粒产量、光合能力和氮效率的关键[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(7): 2054-2066.

DING Yong-gang, ZHANG Xin-bo, MA Quan, LI Fu-jian, TAO Rong-rong, ZHU Min, Li Chun-yan, ZHU Xin-kai, GUO Wen-shan, DING Jin-feng. Tiller fertility is critical for improving grain yield, photosynthesis and nitrogen efficiency in wheat[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(7): 2054-2066.

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