JIA-2021-1253 秸秆带状覆盖：旱地冬小麦节水增效的可持续生产技术

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.098

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

秸秆覆盖模式改良可以通过废弃秸秆资源循环利用来改善土壤水肥环境，可能是一种可持续的农业生产技术。2015-2019年，在西北黄土高原进行了为期4年的随机区组试验，研究了秸秆带状覆盖(SSM)和无覆盖常规平作(CK)对土壤贮水量、耗水特性、水分利用效率、降水利用效率、冬小麦生长、经济效益和养分效益的影响。四年的试验结果表明，SSM处理提高了0 ~ 180 cm土层的土壤水分，其中以冬小麦拔节期和开花期0 ~ 60 cm土层的效果尤为明显。与CK相比，SSM提高了降水对总耗水的贡献，且在生育前期显著提高了20.4个百分点。SSM显著降低了0 ~ 180 cm土层的水分消耗，最终减少生育期耗水11.2 mm。在0 ~ 180 cm土层，SSM在播种期~拔节期减少耗水33.1 mm，但在拔节期~开花期增加了19.5 mm。此外，SSM提高籽粒产量的水分利用效率21.6%，提高籽粒产量的降水利用效率18.6%，最终通过提高穗数9.5%、提高穗粒数8.9%，而提高籽粒产量16.5%。SSM使生物产量的水分利用效率提高了13.5%，使生物产量的降水利用效率提高了9.9%，最终提高生物产量8.7%，增加株高6.5%。SSM还增加了413元/公顷的净收入，收获后预计秸秆还田总量可增加8876~9619千克/公顷。秸秆还田后，SSM显著增加了土壤养分，多年后可明显减轻农民的施肥负担。因此，秸秆带状覆盖是一种在雨养冬小麦生产中节水增效、可持续、有潜力的实用措施。

Abstract:

An improved straw mulching model may be a sustainable agricultural production technology due to its improvements in soil water and the fertilizer environment by the recycling of waste straw resources. A four-year field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design on the Loess Plateau of northwestern China in 2015–2019, which aimed to study the effects of straw strip mulching (SSM) and conventional flat planting without mulching (CK) on soil water storage, water consumption characteristics, water use efficiency, precipitation use efficiency, winter wheat growth, economic benefits, and nutrient benefits. The results obtained for the four years showed that the SSM treatment improved soil water storage in the 0–180 cm soil layer over the whole growth period, which was especially obvious in the 0–60 cm soil layer at the jointing and blooming stages. Compared with CK, SSM increased the contribution rate of precipitation to total evapotranspiration and increased it quite significantly by 20.4 percentage points in the earlier growth period. SSM significantly reduced soil water storage consumption in the 0–180 cm soil layer and ultimately reduced evapotranspiration by 11.2 mm during the whole period. In the 0–180 cm soil layer, SSM decreased evapotranspiration by 33.1 mm from the sowing to the jointing stages, but increased it by 19.5 mm from the jointing to the blooming stages. In addition, SSM improved the water use efficiency of grain yield by 21.6% and improved the precipitation use efficiency of grain yield by 18.6%, and it ultimately increased grain yield by 16.5% through improving spike number by 9.5% and kernel number per spike by 8.9%. SSM improved the water use efficiency of biomass yield by 13.5% and the precipitation use efficiency of biomass yield by 9.9%, and it ultimately increased biomass yield by 8.7% and plant height by 6.5%. Furthermore, SSM increased net income by 413 CNY ha^–1 and the total amount of straw returned to the field after harvest by 8 876–9 619 kg ha^–1. After returning straw to the field, SSM significantly increased the soil nutrient contents, which could significantly reduce the burden of fertilization by farmers after a few years. Therefore, straw strip mulching technology could probably be a sustainable and potentially useful practice, which could save water and increase efficiency in rainfed winter wheat production.

Key words: soil water storage , evapotranspiration , water use efficiency , soil nutrient

. JIA-2021-1253 秸秆带状覆盖：旱地冬小麦节水增效的可持续生产技术[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(12): 3556-3568.

LI Rui, CHAI Shou-xi, CHAI Yu-wei, LI Ya-wei, CHANG Lei, CHENG Hong-bo. Straw strips mulching: A sustainable technology of saving water and improving efficiency in dryland winter wheat production[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(12): 3556-3568.

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