旱地作物对气候变化响应及春玉米抗旱适水种植技术

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.044

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

气候变化对农业产生了重大影响。但大多数研究基于历史气象数据的分析，缺乏与作物生长发育和土壤水分相关联的长期监测。本研究收集了甘肃省农业科学院镇原试验站1957-2020年气象数据和1981-2019年作物生育期数据，并在陇东和宁南开展了相关田间长期试验。研究结果表明，60年来，每10年平均气温增加0.36°C和降水减少11.2mm；1981-2019年的39年间旱地冬小麦田间耗水量平均362.1mm，呈现出每10年减少22.1mm的趋势，但1985-2019年的35年间春玉米耗水量平均405.5mm，保持基本稳定。气候干暖化导致旱地作物生育期发生了明显变化，每10年冬小麦和春玉米生育期缩短5.19天和6.47天，播前推迟3.56天和1.8天，成熟期提前1.76天和5.51天。全膜双垄沟集雨种植使小雨量在垄沟集雨效率达到65.7-92.7%，水分向土壤深层入渗，作物根域水分成倍增加，作物水分满足率提高110-160%，连续15年全膜双垄沟较半膜平作覆盖旱地玉米增产19.87%。旱地玉米群体大小是影响产量和水分利用效率的关键因素，种植密度从3000提高到4500株/亩，玉米产量和水分利用效率增加20.6%和17.4%，从4500提高到6000株/亩再增加12.0%和12.7%。然而，不同降水量地区旱地玉米产量与种植密度均呈现二次曲线关系，曲线性状、最高产量对应的最大密度在地区之间差异很大。在300-500mm年降水量地区，种植密度随降水量的增加而增加，适水种植密度为每1mm降水可种植玉米12株/亩，但超过500mm时种植密度随降水量变化不大。因此，旱地农田抗旱节水应集中在压夏扩秋适水型种植结构建立、垄沟覆盖集雨种植、以水定密适水种植等，以减少气候变化引起的负面影响，增强旱地玉米生产的可持续。

Abstract: Climate change has a significant impact on agriculture. However, the impact investigation is currently limited to the analysis of meteorological data, and there is a dearth of long-term monitoring of crop phenology and soil moisture associated with climate change. In this study, temperature and precipitation (1957–2020) were recorded, crop growth (1981–2019) data were collected, and field experiments were conducted at central and eastern Gansu and southern Ningxia, China. The mean temperature increased by 0.36°C, and precipitation decreased by 11.17 mm per decade. The average evapotranspiration (ET) of winter wheat in 39 years from 1981 to 2019 was 362.1 mm, demonstrating a 22.1-mm decrease every 10 years. However, the ET of spring maize was 405.5 mm over 35 years (1985–2019), which did not show a downward trend. Every 10 years, growth periods were shortened by 5.19 and 6.47 d, sowing dates were delayed by 3.56 and 1.68 d, and maturity dates advanced by 1.76 and 5.51 d, respectively, for wheat and maize. A film fully-mulched ridge–furrow (FMRF) system with a rain-harvesting efficiency of 65.7‒92.7% promotes deep rainwater infiltration into the soil. This leads to double the soil moisture in-furrow, increasing the water satisfaction rate by 110‒160%. A 15-year grain yield of maize increased by 19.87% with the FMRF compared with that of half-mulched flat planting. Grain yield and water use efficiency of maize increased by 20.6 and 17.4% when the density grew from 4.5×10⁴ to 6.75×10⁴ plants ha^–1 and improved by 12.0 and 12.7% when the density increased from 6.75×10⁴ to 9.0×10⁴ plants ha^–1, respectively. Moreover, responses of maize yield to density and the corresponding density of the maximum yield varied highly in different rainfall areas. The density parameter suitable for water planting was 174 maize plants ha^–1 with 10 mm rainfall. Therefore, management strategies should focus on adjusting crop planting structure, FMRF water harvesting system, and water-suitable planting to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and enhance sustainable production of maize in the drylands.

Key words: climate change , dryland maize and wheat , plastic mulch , water-suitable planting

FAN Ting-lu, LI Shang-zhong, ZHAO Gang, WANG Shu-ying, ZHANG Jian-jun, WANG Lei, DANG Yi, CHENG Wan-li. 旱地作物对气候变化响应及春玉米抗旱适水种植技术[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(7): 2067-2079.

FAN Ting-lu, LI Shang-zhong, ZHAO Gang, WANG Shu-ying, ZHANG Jian-jun, WANG Lei, DANG Yi, CHENG Wan-li. Response of dryland crops to climate change and drought-resistant and water-suitable planting technology: A case of spring maize[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(7): 2067-2079.

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