Mapping crop distribution with remote sensing data is of great importance for agricultural production, food security and agricultural sustainability.  Winter rape is an important oil crop, which plays an important role in the cooking oil market of China.  The Jianghan Plain and Dongting Lake Plain (JPDLP) are major agricultural production areas in China.  Essential changes in winter rape distribution have taken place in this area during the 21st century.  However, the pattern of these changes remains unknown.  In this study, the spatial and temporal dynamics of winter rape from 2000 to 2017 on the JPDLP were analyzed.  An artificial neural network (ANN)-based classification method was proposed to map fractional winter rape distribution by fusing moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) data and high-resolution imagery.  The results are as follows: (1) The total winter rape acreages on the JPDLP dropped significantly, especially on the Jianghan Plain with a decline of about 45% during 2000 and 2017.  (2) The winter rape abundance keeps changing with about 20–30% croplands changing their abundance drastically in every two consecutive observation years.  (3) The winter rape has obvious regional differentiation for the trend of its change at the county level, and the decreasing trend was observed more strongly in the traditionally dominant agricultural counties.