提出背景 Background | 耕作加速土壤荒漠化/退化 Tillage accelerates soil desertification/degradation | 有限的耕地如何应对人口增加、粮食和食品安全、极端天气频发、气候变化 Challenges of population growth, food security, climate change etc. |
主要原则 Principles | 最小土壤扰动;提高生物多样性和保持土壤覆盖 Minimum mechanical soil disturbance; species diversification; permanent soil organic cover | 最小土壤扰动;最大化生物多样性;保持土壤覆盖;保持全年活根和引入牲畜[14,15] Minimize soil disturbance; maximize crop diversity; keep the soil covered; maintain living root year-round; integrate livestock |
主要措施 Main practices | 免耕少耕、轮作、秸秆覆盖还田/覆盖作物 No-till/reduced tillage; crop rotation; soil organic cover (at least 30%) with crop residues and/or cover crops | 免耕少耕、轮作、覆盖作物、整体放牧 No-till/reduced tillage; crop rotation; cover crop; holistic grazing |
对土壤影响 Impact on soil | 改善土壤结构,提高土壤有机质含量;增强土壤持水能力,减少土壤侵蚀,维护生物多样性,控制杂草 Improve soil structure and increase soil organic matter content; enhance soil water retention, reduce soil erosion, maintain biodiversity, and control weeds | 改善土壤结构,大幅提高土壤有机质和氮元素含量,增强土壤持水能力,减少水土流失,防止土壤侵蚀,增加生物多样性(尤其是土壤微生物多样性),控制杂草[25] Improve soil structure, substantially increase soil organic matter and nitrogen content, enhance soil water-holding capacity, reduce soil erosion, prevent soil erosion, increase biodiversity (especially soil microbial diversity), and control weeds |
减少化肥投入 Fertilizer | 在一年一季的地区可以减少氮肥投入,但某些地区需要增加氮肥投入,调节因为秸秆还田而不平衡的碳氮比[37, 44] Nitrogen fertilizer input can be reduced in seasonal areas, but it needs to be increased in some areas to adjust the imbalance of carbon nitrogen ratio due to straw returning | 养分有机转化以及整体放牧的粪肥,能够减少无机化肥投入 Organic conversion of nutrients and integrated grazing of manure can reduce the input of inorganic fertilizers |
动物福利 Animal welfare | 无影响 No effect | 提升动物福利,提高畜牧产量和质量[4] Improve animal welfare, livestock production and quality |
国外发展情况 Development abroad | 免耕少耕和秸秆还田已大面积推广 No-till/reduced tillage and straw returning have been widely spread | 覆盖作物和整体放牧初具规模,发展迅速 Cover crops and holistic grazing have taken shape and developed rapidly |
我国发展情况 Development in China | 免耕少耕和秸秆还田在我国多省快速发展[50] No-till/reduced tillage and straw returning are developing rapidly in many provinces of China | 覆盖作物和整体放牧尚未得到发展 Cover crops and holistic grazing have not been developed |