苦杏仁资源加工与综合利用研究进展

张清安,姚建莉

State-of-the-Art on the Processing and Comprehensive Utilization of the Apricot Kernels

QingAn ZHANG,JianLi YAO

表4 苦杏仁蛋白的提取方法比较

Table 4 Comparison of protein extraction from apricot kernels

方法 Method 操作要点 Operating point 优点 Advantage 缺点 Disadvantage 参考文献 Reference 醇提法 Alcohol extraction 苦杏仁粉+去离子水→搅拌离心→沉淀→洗涤→冻干→苦杏仁蛋白 Apricot kernels powder + Deionized water→Stir and centrifuge→Precipitation→Washing→ Freeze- dried→Apricot kernels protein 安全无毒,操作简便,成本低 Safe and non-toxic, easy to operate and low cost 操作时间长 Time-consuming [60] 碱溶酸沉法 Alkali-solution and acid-isolation extraction 用强碱溶液对苦杏仁中蛋白质进行浸提,再调节上清液的pH至等电点,使蛋白质沉淀析出 The protein in apricot kernels was extracted with strong alkali solution, and then the pH of supernatant was adjusted to isoelectric point, so that the protein precipitated 提取率高,所得蛋白泡沫稳定性较好 High extraction efficiency, the protein foam was stable 用时长,所需温度高,耗能多,易导致蛋白质变性和有害物质生成 Time-consuming, energy consumption, easily leads to protein denaturation and the formation of harmful substances [61-62] 酶法提取 Enzymatic extraction method 苦杏仁→蛋白酶水解→离心→沉淀→浓缩干燥→蛋白质提取物 Apricot kernels→Hydrolysis with protease→ Centrifugation→Precipitation→Concentrate and dry→Apricot kernels protein 提取效率高,可提高蛋白质的抗氧化活性,可改良蛋白质加工功能特性 High extraction efficiency, improved antioxidant activity and processing function of protein 所需时间较长,操作过程较为复杂 Time-consuming, cumbersome operation [63-64] 反胶束法 Reverse micelle method 苦杏仁粉+ 反胶束溶液 离心→前萃取液+缓冲液→离心透析→冷冻干燥→蛋白粉 Apricot kernels powder + Reverse micelle solution → Contrifuge→ Preextraction solution + Buffer solution→ Centrifugal dialysis→ Freeze drying→ Apricot kernels protein powder 缩短工艺流程,降低能耗,所得蛋白具有抑制人结肠癌细胞生长的独特活性 Short process, reduce energy consumption, The protein obtained has the unique activity of inhibiting the growth of human colon cancer cells 操作方法复杂,对工艺要求高,不易推广 Cumbersome operation, not easy to popularize [65] 超声波辅助盐溶法 Ultrasonic assisted salt dissolution method 脱脂苦杏仁粉+磷酸盐缓冲溶液→超声波辅助提取→离心→超滤→浓缩干燥→苦杏仁分离 蛋白 Degreased apricot kernels powder + Phosphate buffer→ Ultrasonic assisted extraction→ Contrifuge→ Ultrafiltration→ Concentrate and dry→ Apricot kernels protein 提取率高,条件温和,对蛋白质破坏小,所得蛋白功能特性较好 High extraction efficiency, mild conditions, little damage to protein, better functional properties of protein 需要使用超声设备,生产成本较高 Ultrasonic equipment required, high production [66] 微波辅助盐溶法 Microwave assisted salt dissolution method 脱脂苦杏仁粉+磷酸盐缓冲溶液→微波辅助提取→离心→超滤→浓缩干燥→苦杏仁分离蛋白 Degreased apricot kernels powder + Phosphate buffer→Microwave assisted extraction→ Contrifuge→ Ultrafiltration→ Concentrate and dry→ Apricot kernels protein 提取时间短,提取效率较高 High extraction efficiency 所得蛋白功能特性一般 The obtained proteins have general functional properties [66]