苦杏仁资源加工与综合利用研究进展

张清安,姚建莉

State-of-the-Art on the Processing and Comprehensive Utilization of the Apricot Kernels

QingAn ZHANG,JianLi YAO

表3 苦杏仁油的提取方法比较

Table 3 Comparison of oil extraction from apricot kernels

方法 Method 操作要点 Operating point 优点 Advantage 缺点 Disadvantage 参考文献 Reference 有机溶剂浸提法 Organic solvent extraction 苦杏仁粉+有机溶剂→回流提取→过滤→旋蒸→真空z干燥挥溶→苦杏仁油 Apricot kernels powder + Organic solvent→ Reflux extraction→filtration→Spin steaming→ Vacuum drying dissolves→ Apricot kernels oil 提取效率较高,所得油脂氧化稳定性好 High extraction efficiency, good oxidation stability of the oil 有机溶剂会使油脂呈黄色、有轻微异味,需经后续脱色、脱胶处理,还存在溶剂回收困难和产品有机溶剂残留问题 Inferior oil, need to be decolorized and degummed, solvent residue [48] [49] 冷榨法 Cold pressed method 苦杏仁→轻度粉碎+水分调质→螺旋压榨机压榨两次→静置过滤→苦杏仁油 Apricot kernels→Mild crushing + Moisture conditioning→Press twice with a screw press→Let stand and filter→Apricot kernels oil 所得油脂水分及挥发物含量可达食用油要求,不饱和脂肪酸、生育酚等含量较高,氧化稳定性较好 Meet edible oil standards, the content of unsaturated fatty acid and tocopherol is high, the oxidation stability is good 出油率低,所得油脂氰化物含量较高,需要进行脱氰化物处理 Low oil yield, high cyanide content in oil, need decyanation [50-51] 热榨法 Hot pressing method 苦杏仁→烘箱烤制→轻度粉碎+水分调质→螺旋压榨机压榨两次→静置过滤→苦杏仁油 Apricot kernels→Bake in oven→Mild crushing + Moisture conditioning→ Press twice with a screw press→ Let stand and filter→ Apricot kernels oil 不存在溶剂残留问题,提取效率高,较为节约成本,所得油脂不饱和脂肪酸高,游离脂肪酸少 Solvent-free residue, high extraction efficiency, cost saving, high unsaturated fatty acid and less free fatty acid 高温烤制过程中,会使苦杏仁中营养物质氧化降解,不利于下游产品的加工利用,会使油脂颜色加深 Degradation of nutrients by oxidation, downstream products are difficult to process and utilize, deep grease color [52-53] 超临界CO2萃取法 Supercritical CO2 extraction 将苦杏仁粉碎至30目,设置超临界萃取条件,得到超临界CO2萃取苦杏仁油 Crushed apricot kernels to 30 meshes and set supercritical extraction conditions to obtain supercritical CO2 extraction of apricot kernels oil 方法便捷,提取效率高,无溶剂残留,后续残渣可再加工利用,所制油脂无需再精炼处理 Convenient and efficient method, solvent-free residue, the follow-up residue can be reprocessed and used, the oil need not be refined again 所得苦杏仁油生育酚、磷脂含量显著低于其他方法,油的稳定性较差,设备昂贵、能耗较大 Tocopherol and phospholipid are low, oil is less stable, equipment expensive, high energy consumption [54-56] 超声波提取法 Ultrasonic extraction 提取时间43.95 min,提取温度72℃,得苦杏仁油,料液比19.8:1,超声频率40 kHz Extraction time was 43.95 min, extraction temperature was 72℃, and apricot kernels oil was obtained. The ratio of solid to liquid was 19.8:1, and ultrasonic frequency was 40 kHz 提高浸出率,简化工艺, 常温、常压既可进行实验,溶剂挥发少,易回收 Improve the leaching rate, simplify the process, room temperature and pressure can be tested, less volatile solvent, easy to recover 提取时间较长,易引起油脂的氧化,产生不良风味 Time-consuming, easy to cause oxidation of oil and produce bad flavor [57]