|
|
|
|
|
| Evidence of silk growth hampering in maize at high planting density using phenotypic and transcriptional analysis |
| ZHANG Min1, XING Li-juan1, REN Xiao-tian2, ZOU Jun-jie1, SONG Fu-peng3, WANG Lei1, XU Miao-yun1 |
1 Biotechnology Research Institute, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture,Beijing 100081, P.R.China
2 College of Bioscience and Resources of Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R.China
3 National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resource, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai′an 271018, P.R.China |
|
|
|
摘要 增加种植密度是提高玉米产量的有效手段，但密植会加重雌穗顶端籽粒败育引发秃尖，进而导致减产。前期已有报道，对干旱逆境下玉米雌穗顶端籽粒败育的调控机制进行了研究，但对密植条件下玉米雌穗发生秃尖的调控机制知之甚少。本研究旨在探讨玉米应答密植环境、导致籽粒败育的潜在机制。选用两个自交系郑58和PH4CV，及分别由郑58和PH4CV做母本和父本组配的两个生产常用杂交种郑单958和先玉335为研究对象，观察了4个材料在四种不同种植密度（60,000 株/公顷 (60 k)、90,000株/公顷 (90 k)、120,000株/公顷 (120 k) 和 150,000株/公顷 (150 k)条件下，株型、秃尖情况、开花时间和花丝发育等表型的变化趋势。结果表明，随着种植密度增加，株高变化不明显，但茎粗、叶绿素含量和生物量的变化则呈现明显负相关。同时，散粉-吐丝期(ASI)延长，且苞叶中吐出花丝的数量也随之减少，说明密植条件下花丝生长减缓。进一步对花丝细胞形态的观察也发现，随着种植密度的增加，花丝细胞呈现减小趋势。转录组学数据分析表明，差异表达基因主要是花丝伸长相关基因，而非与碳代谢相关基因。以上研究证实，密植影响玉米花丝生长、使吐丝延迟、ASI加长，进而引起花期不遇，导致顶端胚珠授粉不良发生败育而产生秃尖表型。该研究加深了对密植条件下玉米花丝生长规律的认识，为进一步解析玉米应答密植条件，调控花丝生长的分子机制提供理论依据。
Abstract Increasing the planting density is an effective way to increase the yield of maize (Zea mays L.), although it can also aggravate ovary apical abortion-induced bald tips of the ears, which might, in turn, reduce the yield. While the mechanism underlying the regulation of drought-related abortion in maize is well established, high planting density-related abortion in maize remains poorly understood. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the mechanism underlying the ovary apical abortion response to high density. This was achieved by evaluating the effects of four different plant densities (60 000 plants ha–1 (60 k), 90 k, 120 k, and 150 k) on plant traits related to plant architecture, the plant ear, flowering time, and silk development in two inbred lines (Zheng58 and PH4CV) and two hybrid lines (Zhengdan958 and Xianyu335). The phenotypes of both inbred and hybrid plants were observed under different planting density treatments, and the high planting density was found to increase the phenotypic performance values of the evaluated traits. The anthesis–silking interval (ASI) was extended, and the amount of the silk extruded from husks was reduced upon increasing the planting density. Delayed silk emergence resulted in asynchronous flowering and ear bald tips. Observations of the silk cells revealed that the silk cells became smaller as planting density increased. The changes in transcript abundances in the silks involved the genes associated with expansive growth rather than carbon metabolism. These findings further our understanding of silk growth regulation under high planting density and provide a theoretical basis for further research on improving high planting density breeding in maize.
|
|
Received: 18 April 2021
Accepted: 25 June 2021
|
| Fund: This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFD0101002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32072068) and the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, China (1610392021001). |
| About author: Correspondence XU Miao-yun, E-mail: xumiaoyun@caas.cn; WANG Lei, E-mail: wanglei01@caas.cn |
Cite this article:
ZHANG Min, XING Li-juan, REN Xiao-tian, ZOU Jun-jie, SONG Fu-peng, WANG Lei, XU Miao-yun.
2022.
Evidence of silk growth hampering in maize at high planting density using phenotypic and transcriptional analysis. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21(11): 3148-3157.
|
Bänziger M, Edmeades G, Lafitte H. 1999. Selection for drought tolerance increases maize yields across a range of nitrogen levels. Crop Science, 39, 1035–1040.
Birchler J A, Yao H, Chudalayandi S, Vaiman D, Veitia R A. 2010. Heterosis. The Plant Cell, 22, 2105–2112.
Bolaños J, Edmeades G. 1996. The importance of the anthesis–silking interval in breeding for drought tolerance in tropical maize. Field Crops Research, 48, 65–80.
Bonnett O. 1954. The inflorescences of maize. Science, 120, 77–87.
Boyle M G, Boyer J S, Morgan P W. 1991. Stem infusion of liquid culture medium prevents reproductive failure of maize at low water potential. Crop Science, 31, 1246–1252.
Cárcova J, Otegui M E. 2001. Ear temperature and pollination timing effects on maize kernel set. Crop Science, 41, 1809–1815.
Cárcova J, Otegui M E. 2007. Ovary growth and maize kernel set. Crop Science, 47, 1104–1110.
Cawoy V, Lutts S, Ledent J F, Kinet J M. 2007. Resource availability regulates reproductive meristem activity, development of reproductive structures and seed set in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). Physiologia Plantarum, 131, 341–353.
Chapman S, Edmeades G. 1999. Selection improves drought tolerance in tropical maize populations: II. Direct and correlated responses among secondary traits. Crop Science, 39, 1315–1324.
Chen Z J. 2010. Molecular mechanisms of polyploidy and hybrid vigor. Trends in Plant Science, 15, 57–71.
Cox W J. 1996. Whole plant physiological and yield responses of maize to plant density. Agronomy Journal, 88, 489–496.
Edmeades G, Bolanos J, Elings A, Ribaut J M, Bänziger M, Westgate M. 2000. The role and regulation of the anthesis-silking interval in maize. Physiology and Modeling Kernel Set in Maize, CSSA Special Publication No. 29. CSSA, Madison, WI. pp. 43–73.
Freier G, Vilella F, Hall A. 1984. Within-ear pollination synchrony and vernel set in maize. Maydica, 29, 317–324.
Fuad-Hassan A, Tardieu F, Turc O. 2008. Drought-induced changes in anthesis–silking interval are related to silk expansion: A spatio-temporal growth analysis in maize plants subjected to soil water deficit. Plant Cell and Environment, 31, 1349–1360.
Kaplinsky N J, Freeling M. 2003. Combinatorial control of meristem identity in maize inflorescences. Development, 130, 1149–1158.
Kim D, Langmead B, Salzberg S L. 2015. HISAT: A fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements. Nature Methods, 12, 357–360.
Mansfield B. 2012. Survey of plant density tolerance in U.S. Maize Germplasm, 54, 157–173.
McLaughlin J E, Boyer J S. 2004. Sugar-responsive gene expression, invertase activity, and senescence in aborting maize ovaries at low water potentials. Annals of Botany, 94, 675–689.
New B, Duthion C, Turc O. 1994. Phenological response of pea to water stress during reproductive development. Crop Science, 34, 141–146.
Oury V, Tardieu F, Turc O. 2016. Ovary apical abortion under water deficit is caused by changes in sequential development of ovaries and in silk growth rate in maize. Plant Physiology, 171, 986–996.
Pacala S W, Weiner J. 1991. Effects of competitive asymmetry on a local density model of plant interference. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 149, 165–179.
Reif J, Hallauer A, Melchinger A. 2005. Heterosis and heterotic patterns in maize. Maydica, 50, 215.
Ren B, Liu W, Zhang J, Dong S, Liu P, Zhao B. 2017. Effects of plant density on the photosynthetic and chloroplast characteristics of maize under high-yielding conditions. Naturwissenschaften, 104, 12.
Ribaut J M, Hoisington D A, Deutsch J A, Jiang C, Gonzalez-de-Leon D. 1996. Identification of quantitative trait loci under drought conditions in tropical maize. 1. Flowering parameters and the anthesis–silking interval. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 92, 905–914.
Sangoi L. 2001. Understanding plant density effects on maize growth and development: An important issue to maximize grain yield. Ciência Rural, 31, 159–168.
Trapnell C, Roberts A, Goff L, Pertea G, Kim D, Kelley D R, Pimentel H, Salzberg S L, Rinn J L, Pachter L. 2012. Differential gene and transcript expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with TopHat and Cufflinks. Nature Protocol, 7, 562–578.
Trapnell C, Williams B A, Pertea G, Mortazavi A, Kwan G, Van Baren M J, Salzberg S L, Wold B J, Pachter L. 2010. Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation. Nature Biotechnology, 28, 511.
Varshney R K, Thudi M, Nayak S N, Gaur P M, Kashiwagi J, Krishnamurthy L, Jaganathan D, Koppolu J, Bohra A, Tripathi S. 2014. Genetic dissection of drought tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 127, 445–462.
Wang X, Wang G, Turner N C, Xing Y, Li M, Guo T. 2020. Determining optimal mulching, planting density, and nitrogen application to increase maize grain yield and nitrogen translocation efficiency in Northwest China. BMC Plant Biology, 20, 282.
Welcker C, Boussuge B, Bencivenni C, Ribaut J M, Tardieu F. 2007. Are source and sink strengths genetically linked in maize plants subjected to water deficit? A QTL study of the responses of leaf growth and of anthesis–silking interval to water deficit. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58, 339–349.
Willey R, Heath S. 1969. The quantitative relationships between plant population and crop yield. In: Advances in Agronomy. Elsevier, England. pp. 281–321.
Zinselmeier C, Lauer M, Boyer J. 1995a. Reversing drought-induced losses in grain yield: Sucrose maintains embryo growth in maize. Crop Science, 35, 1390–1400.
Zinselmeier C, Westgate M E, Schussler J R, Jones R J. 1995b. Low water potential disrupts carbohydrate metabolism in maize (Zea mays L.) ovaries. Plant Physiology, 107, 385–391.
Zinselmeier C, Westgate W E, Jones R J. 1995c. Kernel set at low water potential does not vary with source/sink ration in maize. Crop Science, 35, 158–163.
|
| No Suggested Reading articles found! |
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
