在湖南农业大学实验基地进行了长达5年的长期定位实验，研究施用90天释放期的聚乙烯包膜尿素对双季稻产量、氮肥利用率、土壤残留无机氮、土壤-植株系统氮平衡和经济效益的影响。本研究共设置了四个不同的施氮肥处理，包括CK（不施氮肥）、U（全量施用普通尿素）、CRU1（全量施用聚乙烯包膜尿素）、CRU2（减氮20%施用聚乙烯包膜尿素）。研究结果表明相比较全量施用普通尿素而言，全量施用控释肥能够分别提高作物产量和氮肥利用率11.0、13.5%。CRU1在晚稻上的产量和氮肥利用率的应用效果要优于早稻。研究结果表明全量施用控释肥可以提高早稻产量6.0%，可以提高早稻氮肥利用率10.2%；提高晚稻产量15.4%；，提高晚稻氮肥利用率13.8%。除此之外，CRU1与CRU2的双季稻产量和氮肥利用率没有明显的差异。此外施用控释肥处理（包括CRU1和CRU2）相较于U有较高的表观土壤残留率和作物表观氮素回收率，同时有较低的表观氮素损失，且CRU2相比较CRUI呈现出较好的的效果。在收获后，控释肥处理（包括CRU1和CRU2）能够维持土壤耕层（0-20 cm）较高的铵态氮和硝态氮浓度，并且能够减少深层土层（40-60 cm）的铵态氮和硝态氮浓度。此外，据估算施用控释肥处理还能获得较好的经济效益。总得来说，施用控释肥要比施用普通肥料在水稻产量、氮肥利用率、土壤-植株氮素平衡、经济效益上表现得更加优越，并且其中减氮施用20%控释肥处理有最优的综合效益。因此，我们认为施用控释肥能够有效解决水稻生产中的氮素管理所面临的挑战。

CatSper is a unique Ca2+ channel-like protein family exclusively expressed in the testis and sperm, and plays important roles in sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction and sperm-egg interactions. Here we studied the mechanism of regulation of CatSper2-dependent Ca2+ influx, extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ on sperm hyperactivated motility. The siRNA duplexes were transfected into the sperm cells by electroporation (EP) to silence the expression of CatSper2. The results for targeted disruption of CatSper2 showed the highest silence efficiency 77.7% (P<0.05), the hyperactivated sperm rate calculated by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) analysis of interferenced sperm was significantly lower 11.1% than the control 99.2%. Flow cytometry (FCM) detection of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration of interferenced sperm was 50 nmol L-1 higher than the normal. It was remarkably lower than hyperactivated sperm with 200-1 000 nmol L-1 (P<0.05). It was not sufficient to evoke hyperactivation. To trigger hyperactivation, the sperm were incubated in 50 μmol L-1 thimerosal or 5 mmol L-1 procaine, it sharply increased the intracellular Ca2+ via two different channels. CASA and FCM detection indicated that intracellular Ca2+ is required for initiating hyperactivation while extracellular Ca2+ is essential to maintain the process. We concluded that to mediate sperm hyperactivation, it is essential to inhibit Ca2+ peak present with targeted disruption of CatSper2 expression. This provides important prospective for further exploration of signal channel of sperm hyperactivated motility, potential factors for male infertility and provide further reference to the exploration of male contraceptive drug targets of male reproduction.