小麦茎基腐病是由镰刀菌属真菌引起的一种世界性土传病害，近年来已严重威胁到我国小麦的安全生产。目前，对该病害的研究主要集中在抗源筛选、抗病位点发掘、接种前后转录组分析等层面。本研究首次采用非标定量蛋白质组学方法，分析比较了我国小麦中抗品种和高感品种在接种前后24、48和72小时后的蛋白质组变化。试验共检测到9234个蛋白质，发掘到783个在接种后不同时间点差异表达的蛋白。对这些差异蛋白的富集分析表明，茎基腐病早期侵染对几丁质代谢、氨基糖代谢、乙醛酸和二元酸代谢，丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢，MAPK信号通路，苯丙素生物合成等重要生物学功能和代谢通路具有显著影响。进一步分析发现共有33种与防御、细胞壁形成和光合作用等功能相关的蛋白质在抗、感品种间接种后多个时间点的表达呈现不同趋势。例如，中抗品种中几丁质酶在接菌后三个时间点均显著上调，而感病品种中接种前后则无显著变化。该酶参与降解真菌细胞壁的重要成分几丁质，从而限制真菌的生长。其它蛋白如糖基转移酶、过氧化物酶等也在中抗品种中特异上调表达。前人报道中，这些蛋白参与了其他重要小麦病害如赤霉病、白粉病等侵染后的应答反应。在感病品种中，小檗碱桥酶等特异下调表达。qRT-PCR试验表明，编码几丁质酶、糖基转移酶、过氧化物酶等8个抗病相关蛋白的基因在抗、感材料间接种前后表达趋势与蛋白质组学结果基本一致。本研究为进一步解析小麦抗茎基腐病分子机制奠定了有力基础，为候选基因筛选提供了重要参考。

In northern China, the soil-born diseases of wheat have been getting more and more serious under a new farming system that returns maize straw to the field. In order to investigate the allelopathy of the decomposed maize straw products on three soil-born diseases of wheat, culture dish and pot experiments were conducted and the compounds in the products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Culture dish experiments showed that the mycelial growth, sclerotia formation amount and total weight of Rhizoctonia cerealis were promoted at concentrations of 0.03, 0.06 and 0.12 g mL–1 and inhibited at concentration of 0.48 g mL–1 of the decomposed products. No significant effects were found of the product concentrations on average weight of the sclerotia. Mycelial growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis was promoted at almost all concentrations except the highest one. Mycelial growth and spore germination of Bipolaris sorokiniana were significantly inhibited by all concentrations of the decomposed products, with enhanced inhibition effects along with the increased concentrations. The length, number and dry weight of roots together with the root superoxide dismutase activity were promoted by the lowest concentration (0.03 g mL–1), with a synthetic effect index of 0.012, and inhibited by other concentrations. The ion leakage of roots was increased and the root peroxidase activity of roots was lowered by all the treatments. Pot experiments revealed that occurrence of the sharp eyespot was reduced by 0.03 and 0.06 g mL–1 of decomposed products after irrigation. However, the incidence rates and disease indexes were significantly increased by 0.12, 0.24 and 0.48 g mL–1 of decomposed products. The results indicated that incidence rates and disease indexes of the take-all were significantly promoted after being irrigated with the decomposed products, while occurrences of the common rot didn’t change, significantly. GC-MS results showed that the compounds of the decomposed products included organic acids, esters, hydrocarbons, amides and aldehydes, with the proportions 25.26, 24.01, 17.22, 14.39 and 7.73%, respectively. Further analysis investigated that the allelochemicals identified in straw decomposed products contained p-hydroxybenzoic acid (9.21%), dibutyl phthalate (6.94%), 3-phenyl-2-acrylic (5.06%), 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid (2.26%), hexanoic acid (1.73%), 8-octadecenoic acid (1.06%), 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-2-propenoic acid (1.04%), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid (0.94%) and salicylic acid (0.94%).