分子标记辅助选择(MAS)可以显著提高无核葡萄的育种效率，加快育种进程。本研究基于VviAGL11基因的单碱基突变位点（Chr.18:26889437（A/C））开发了KASP_VviAGL11和VviAGL11_410标记，并以SSR标记p3_VvAGL11、5U_VviAGL11标记作对比，分别在101份葡萄品种和81份葡萄F₁杂交株系进行检测。结果认为KASP_VviAGL11和VviAGL11_410均检测出A等位基因时与葡萄无核性状紧密关联，且准确率为100%，而p3_VvAGL11、5U_VviAGL11由于容易产生假阳性导致准确率偏低。然后通过评估不同标记使用的技术优缺点，明确了KASP_VviAGL11标记具有更加简单、经济、高效、精确的优势。最终，本研究优化了以KASP_VviAGL11标记为核心的无核葡萄分子标记辅助选择育种过程，为加快无核葡萄新品种培育进程提供关键技术支持。

    The small heat shock protein (sHSP) chaperones are required for protecting cellular proteins from damage, as well as refolding denatured proteins. This study was carried out to investigate the temporal-spatial expression patterns of two sHSP genes in rice. These two genes, named as Os16.9A and Os16.9B, are reverse duplicated genes that adjacently located on chromosome 1 and probably share the same or overlapping DNA region as a promoter. The interval sequence between the start codons of the two genes which are transcribed in opposite directions is only about 2.6 kb. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to detect the expression of the two genes under normal growth conditions and different stress conditions. The expression patterns of the two genes were in detail investigated by using β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene fusion system. Results showed that heat shock stress can induce high level expression of the two genes. Under normal growth conditions, Os16.9A and Os16.9B expressed in vegetative organs and young panicles. GUS staining combined with cytological observations showed that the two genes expressed mainly in the vascular tissues of roots, stems and young panicles, implicating that Os16.9A and Os16.9B play important roles not only for heat shock response, but also for normal development in rice.

Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase plays a vital role in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism cycles. In Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, carA and carB encode the small and large subunits of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, respectively. The deletion mutation of the coding regions revealed that carA did not affect any of the phenotypes, while carB played multiple roles in pathogenicity. The deletion of carB rendered the loss of pathogenicity in host plants and the ability to induce a hypersensitive reaction in the non-hosts. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays indicated that 11 hrp genes coding the type III secretion system were suppressed when interacting with citrus plants. The mutation in carB also affected bacterial utilization of several carbon and nitrogen resources in minimal medium MMX and extracellular enzyme activities. These data demonstrated that only the large subunit of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase was essential for canker development by X. citri subsp. citri.