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1. 通过关联分析剖析普通小麦籽粒颜色与收获前穗发芽抗性的遗传基础

YAN Sheng-nan, YU Zhao-yu, GAO Wei, WANG Xu-yang, CAO Jia-jia, LU Jie, MA Chuan-xi, CHANG Cheng, ZHANG Hai-ping

Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2023, 22 (9): 2617-2631. DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.04.017

摘要（262）

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收获前穗发芽对小麦的品质和产量产生不利影响。籽粒颜色与小麦穗发芽抗性密切相关。然而，两者的遗传关系尚不清楚。本研究采用90K芯片对168个籽粒颜色和穗发芽抗性差异显著的小麦品种进行基因分型。基于混合线性模型的全基因组关联分析显示，67个SNP标记（分布于29个位点）与籽粒颜色显著关联，其中包括17个潜在的新位点，解释1.1-17.0%的表型变异。另外，100个SNP标记（分布于54个位点）与穗发芽抗性显著关联，其中包括31个潜在的新位点，解释1.1-14.7%的表型变异。随后，对籽粒颜色和穗发芽抗性的共定位位点Qgc.ahau-2B.3/Qphs.ahau-2B.4（2B）和穗发芽抗性位点Qphs.ahau-5B.4（5B）分别开发CAPS标记2B-448和5B-301。利用171份中国微核心种质进一步验证了上述2个CAPS标记与籽粒颜色和穗发芽抗性的相关性。此外，基于小麦公共表达数据库、转录组测序数据以及基因等位变异分析结果，将编码谷氧还蛋白glutaredoxin的TraesCS5B02G545100基因确定为Qphs.ahau-5B.4位点的潜在候选基因。进一步基于TraesCS5B02G545100基因CDS区域的SNP (T/C)变异，本文开发了一个CAPS标记CAPS-356。利用京411/红芒春21重组自交系（RILs）的高密度遗传连锁图谱检测到CAPS-356标记与一个新的穗发芽抗性QTL共定位，进一步支持了TraesCS5B02G545100是Qphs.ahau-5B.4位点的潜在候选基因的假设。本文结果为Qphs.ahau-5B.4的图位克隆和白皮抗穗发芽品种的培育提供了有价值的参考信息。

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2. Ultrastructural studies of seed coat and cotyledon during rapeseed maturation

CAO Jian-bo, HE Li-min, Chinedu Charles NWAFOR, QIN Li-hong, ZHANG Chun-yu, SONG Yan-tun, HAO Rong

Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2021, 20 (5): 1239-1249. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63189-6

摘要（118）

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油菜（甘蓝型，Brassica napus L）是世界上最重要的油料作物。油菜在种子成熟后期快速地积累油脂。然而，在种子成熟后期，人们对油菜种子的油脂积累和种皮颜色变化机制却知之甚少。本研究中，我们分析了油菜种子发育后期即开花后25天至70天，种皮、糊粉层和子叶的超微结构特征。研究结果表明，子叶中的叶绿体退化成非光合作用的质体从而导致子叶由绿色转变为黄色。糊粉层中的叶绿体退化成没有包膜的质体残余物，而子叶细胞中的叶绿体则退化成具有完整内膜和外膜的前质体。从开花后40天到70天，在糊粉层和子叶细胞中，叶绿体退化成没有类囊体的质体，油体与质体或蛋白体直接接触互作，细胞内的内质网较少；同时，油菜种子中的叶绿素含量降低并伴随着油脂含量升高。这些结果说明，在油菜种子发育后期，油脂的快速合成不依赖叶绿体光合作用产生的NADPH(主要的还原力)，可能是利用氧化磷酸戊糖途径等其他来源的还原力。质体、细胞质或油体中的甘油三酯合成相关的酶可能参与了子叶和糊粉层细胞中甘油三酯的合成。

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3. Assessing the impact of non-governmental organization’s extension programs on sustainable cocoa production and household income in Ghana

Sonny Gad ATTIPOE, CAO Jian-min, Yaa OPOKU-KWANOWAA, Frank OHENE-SEFA

Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2021, 20 (10): 2820-2836. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63607-9

摘要（140）

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Globally, cocoa is famous for the production of chocolates and beverages. However, it also serves as a source of raw material for the manufacturing of high-quality cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Due to its high demand, cocoa is regarded as a major commodity for poverty alleviation in deprived cocoa farming communities. Government has therefore instigated relevant measures to address issues facing the sector by investing in extension programs. These programs act as information dissemination tools for teaching modern farming technologies and enhancing learning among farmers. This study highlighted the effects of the Cocoa Life Project (CLP) by Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) International on farm productivity and income of 200 cocoa farmers in three districts of the Eastern Region, Ghana. Regression on covariates, Heckman’s treatment effects model, and propensity scores were used to test the robustness of the estimates. A positive association between extension program participation, farm productivity, and household income was discovered. Specifically, after correcting for selection bias, the estimated results of the Heckman’s model showed that the extension program significantly increased participating farmers’ cocoa yield by 14.3%. The effects on total farm income showed a significant increase of 25.1 and 42.9%, respectively from regression on propensity scores and the Heckman’s model. Across all three models, program participation led to an increase in total household income by 46.1, 31.7, and 69.3%, respectively. Other variables such as farming characteristics, institutional and demographic factors affected farmers’ income, depending on the estimation method used. This study reiterated the supporting role played by extension programs in enhancing cocoa production and increasing household income in Ghana. Conclusively, government and development partners should invest in extension programs by providing enough logistics, training qualified agents, and creating a conducive atmosphere to support learning and technology adoption.

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4. Decreased Pollen Viability and Thicken Pollen Intine in Antisense Silenced Brassica campestris Mutant of BcMF19

LIU Jin-long, GAO Ming-hui, LIU Ying , CAO Jia-shu

Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2014, 13 (5): 954-962. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60581-X

摘要（1792）

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Brassica campestris male fertility 19 (BcMF19; GenBank accession number GQ902048.1), a gene that is specially expressed in tapetum cells and microspores during anther development in B. campestris ssp. chinensis, which is learned from the previous in situ hybridization study. In the present study, we constructed antisense-silenced plants of BcMF19 using B. campestris ssp. chinensis to validate this prediction. The morphology of the pistils, long anthers, and short anthers was significantly affected in 35sbcmf19 compared with the control samples. 4´-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole staining revealed that two generative nuclei and one large vegetative nucleus were not affected in the mutant compared with control. Statistical analysis of Alexander’s staining results showed that 96% of the control pollen grains had vitality, whereas only 86% of the mutant pollen grains did. Under scanning electron microscopy, the mutant demonstrated numerous abnormal pollen grains and resembled dried persimmon. The frequency of normal pollen grains was approximately 18%. Under transmission electron microscopy, the pollen intine during the binucleate and mature pollen stages in 35sbcmf19 exhibited abnormal thickening, especially at the germinal furrows, compared with control. In vitro pollen germination test showed that the tips of the mutant pollen tubes transformed into globular alveoli and stopped growing compared with control. On the other hand, in vivo pollen germination test suggested that BcMF19 affected the pollen tube extension in the pistil. These findings indicate that BcMF19 is essential to the pollen development and pollen tube extension of B. campestris ssp. chinensis.

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5. Construction of a New Molecular Barcode for Discriminating Plants and Animals with a Close Genetic Relationship

HUANG Li, ZHAO Xiao-feng, ZHU Yi-peng, DONG Heng, XU Ning-ying , CAO Jia-shu

Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013, 12 (7): 1138-1151. DOI: 10.1016/S1671-2927(00)8925

摘要（1459）

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DNA barcodes have been proposed as a shortcut to provide species identification and as a way to accelerate the discovery of new species. A number of candidate gene regions have been suggested as possible barcodes for animals and plants, but for the identification of recently diverged species and/or varieties with only a few genetic differences it has been reported to be problematic in some cases. This study selected widely cultivated cruciferous vegetables as the primary samples, after failure of discrimination of each species using current DNA barcodes, we performed the fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (F-AFLP) and successfully discriminated each species, subspecies, variety and their cultivar in 74 samples. Then the non-qualitative results obtained from F-AFLP were transformed into two-dimensional barcodes image file of each cultivar via the PDF417 software. This method was also successfully applied to the discrimination of 17 Chinese indigenous pig breeds. The barcode we constructed which greatly reduces the information storage space is genotypes-specific, and can be conveniently decoded into the original data and thereby be conveniently shared and referred to. We believe that it is possible to construct a new data sharing molecular barcode system that could discriminate the subspecies, varieties, cultivars and even individuals with close genetic relationships.

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6. Hydrolysis and Photolysis of Herbicide Clomazone in Aqueous Solutions and Natural Water Under Abiotic Conditions

CAO Jia, DIAO Xiao-ping , HU Ji-ye

Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013, 12 (11): 2074-2082. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60506-7

摘要（1314）

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The hydrolysis and photolysis of clomazone in aqueous solutions and natural water were assessed under natural and controlled conditions. Kinetics of hydrolysis and photolysis of clomazone were determined by HPLC-DAD. Photoproducts were identifi ed by HPLC-MS. No noticeable hydrolysis occurred in aqueous buffer solutions ((25±2)°C, pH (4.5±0.1), pH (7.4±0.1), pH (9.0±0.1); (50±2)°C, pH (4.5±0.1), pH (7.4±0.1)) or in natural water up to 90 d. At pH (9.0±0.1) and (50±2)°C the half-life of clomazone was 50.2 d. Clomazone photodecomposition rate in aqueous solutions under UV radiation and natural sunlight followed fi rst-order kinetics. Degradation rates were faster under UV light (half-life of 51-59 min) compared to sunlight (halflife of 87-136 d). Under UV light, four major photoproducts were detected and tentatively identifi ed according to HPLC-MS spectral information such as 2-chlorobenzamide, N-hydroxy-(2-benzyl)-2-methylpropan-amide, 2-[2-phenol]-4,4-dimethyl- 3-isoxazolidinone and 2-[(4,6-dihydroxyl-2-chlorine phenol)]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone. These results suggested that clomazone photodegradation proceeds via several reaction pathways: 1) dehalogenation; 2) substitution of chlorine group by hydroxyl; 3) cleavage of the side chain. Photosensitizers, such as H2O2 and ribofl avin, could enhance photolysis of clomazone in natural sunlight. In summary, we found that photoreaction is an important dissipation pathway of clomazone in natural water systems.

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