Journal of Integrative Agriculture ›› 2023, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (11): 3416-3429.DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.02.041

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干旱灌区免耕秸秆覆盖通过改善小麦生理生态特性而提高产量

  

  • 收稿日期:2022-12-06 接受日期:2023-01-16 出版日期:2023-11-20 发布日期:2023-11-09

No-tillage with straw mulching boosts grain yield of wheat via improving the eco-physiological characteristics in arid regions

YIN Wen1, 2, FAN Zhi-long1, 2, HU Fa-long1, 2, FAN Hong1, HE Wei1, SUN Ya-li1, WANG Feng1, 2, ZHAO Cai1, YU Ai-zhong1, 2, CHAI Qiang1, 2#   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, P.R.China
    2 College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, P.R.China
  • Received:2022-12-06 Accepted:2023-01-16 Online:2023-11-20 Published:2023-11-09
  • About author:YIN Wen, E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn; #Correspondence CHAI Qiang, Tel: +86-931-7631104, E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    We are very grateful for financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32101857, 32372238, and U21A20218), the Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University, China (Gaufx-03Y10), the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province, China (23JRRA1407), and the ‘Double First-Class’ Key Scientific Research Project of Education Department in Gansu Province, China (GSSYLXM-02).

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摘要：

秸秆还田是干旱地区广泛应用的作物高效生产技术，但其能否通过改善作物生理生态特性而进一步提高产量还需实践验证。在甘肃河西绿洲灌区，通过田间试验，研究了不同秸秆还田方式[免耕秸秆覆盖还田(NTSM)、免耕秸秆立茬还田(NTSS)、传统翻耕秸秆还田(CTS)及传统翻耕无秸秆还田(CT, 对照)对小麦生理生态特性的调控效应，以期阐明秸秆还田影响小麦产量的生理生态机制。结果表明，NTSM和NTSS处理对小麦生理生态特性的调控作用优于CTS和CT而获得较高产量，NTSM因较优的调控效应使其增产幅度略高于NTSS。与CT相比，NTSM降低了小麦孕穗期之前的叶面积指数为6.1–7.6%，提高孕穗期之后的叶面积指数为38.9–45.1%，NTSM可有效地调控小麦光合源动态。NTSM较CT提高小麦灌浆期与蜡熟期光合速率为10.2–21.4%与11.0–21.6%，提高蒸腾速率为4.4–10.0%与5.3–6.1%，提高叶片水分利用效率为5.6–10.4%与5.4–14.6%。与CT相比，NTSM提高小麦抽穗期至蜡熟期叶片与土壤水势分别为7.5–12.0%与8.9–24.0%。NTSM较CT降低了小麦叶-土水势差，表明NTSM处理有利于保持干旱条件下小麦植株水分需求和土壤水分供给的稳定性。NTSM较CT增产18.6~27.3%，其增产归因于穗数、穗粒数和千粒重的协同增加。因此，免耕秸秆覆盖还田是干旱灌区优化小麦生理生态特性及获得高产的可行栽培措施。

Abstract: Straw returning to the field is a technical measure of crop production widely adopted in arid areas.  It is unknown whether crop yield can be further increased by improving the eco-physiological characteristics when straw returning is applied in the crop production system.  So, a three-year field experiment was conducted with various straw returning treatments for wheat production: (i) no-tillage with straw mulching (NTSM), (ii) no-tillage with straw standing (NTSS), (iii) conventional tillage with straw incorporation (CTS), and (iv) conventional tillage with no straw returning (CT, control).  The eco-physiological and yield formation indicators were investigated to provide the basis for selecting the appropriate straw returning method to increase wheat yield and clarifying its regulation mechanism on eco-physiology.  The results showed that NTSM and NTSS treatments had better regulation of eco-physiological characteristics and had a higher yield increase than CTS and CT.  Meanwhile, NTSM had a relatively higher yield than NTSS through better regulation of eco-physiological characteristics.  Compared to CT, the leaf area index of NTSM was decreased by 6.1–7.6% before the Feekes 10.0 stage of wheat, but that of NTSM was increased by 38.9–45.1% after the Feekes 10.0 stage.  NTSM effectively regulated the dynamics of the photosynthetic source of green leaves during the wheat growth period.  NTSM improved net photosynthetic rate by 10.2–21.4% and 11.0–21.6%, raised transpiration rate by 4.4–10.0% and 5.3–6.1%, increased leaf water use efficiency by 5.6–10.4% and 5.4–14.6%, at Feekes 11.0 and 11.2 stages of wheat, compared to CT, respectively.  NTSM had higher leaf water potential (LWP) by 7.5–12.0% and soil water potential (SWP) by 8.9–24.0% from Feekes 10.3 to 11.2 stages of wheat than CT.  Meanwhile, the absolute value of difference on LWP and SWP with NTSM was less than that with CT, indicating that NTSM was conducive to holding the stability of water demand for wheat plants and water supply of soil at arid conditions.  Thus, NTSM had a greater grain yield of wheat by 18.6–27.3% than CT, and the high yield was attributed to the synchronous increase and cooperative development of ear number, grain number per ear, and 1 000-grain weight.  NTSM had a positive effect on regulating the eco-physiological characteristics and can be recommended to enhance wheat grain yield in arid conditions.

Key words: Triticum aestivum L. ,  straw management ,  grain yield ,  eco-physiological traits ,  arid ecological environment