滴灌施肥和植物篱减少氮磷径流流失和维持果树高产机制

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

据统计，2019年全国果园种植面积共计1.84亿亩，约占到耕地总面积的1/10。果园中种植的果树经济效益高，化肥、农药过量施用十分常见，过量的氮磷在土壤中积累，随降雨流失进入地表水体，造成水体富营养化等环境问题。当前，水肥一体化灌溉施肥技术和林下种草是果园中普遍应用的高产增效技术，水肥一体化灌溉施肥能够在减少肥料施用量的条件下，提高肥料利用率。林下种草构建植物篱，能够分散地表径流、降低流速、增加入渗和拦截泥沙，减少氮磷污染物随地表径流进入水体。两种技术的有效结合是否能够有效降低果园中氮磷径流流失并不清楚。太湖流域常规施肥和无植物篱的果园中约7.36%的氮和2.63%的磷通过地表径流进入水体。植物篱提高了发生地表径流的最低日降雨量，减少了径流发生频次，无植物篱的地表径流排放量占降水量的15.86%，而有植物篱处理的地表径流流量占降水量12.82%。水肥一体化滴灌施肥减少了表层土壤中氮和磷的积累，降低了总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的径流流失浓度。与常规施肥相比，滴灌施肥结合植物篱显著降低了总氮（45.38%）和总磷（36.81%）的损失。滴灌施肥增加了氮磷养分的垂直迁移深度，减少了氮磷在表层土壤中的积累，提高了梨的产量。此研究表明，在果园等集约化农田中推行灌溉施肥结合植物篱措施能够有效降低氮磷径流流失，减缓农业面源污染物的排放。

Abstract: A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of drip fertigation combined with plant hedgerows on nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses in intensive pear orchards in the Tai Lake Basin. Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff over a whole year were measured by using successional runoff water collection devices. The four experimental treatments were conventional fertilization (CK), drip fertigation (DF), conventional fertilization combined with plant hedgerows (C+H), and drip fertigation combined with plant hedgerows (D+H). The results from one year of continuous monitoring showed a significant positive correlation between precipitation and surface runoff discharge. Surface runoff discharge under the treatments without plant hedgerows totaled 15.86% of precipitation, while surface runoff discharge under the treatments with plant hedgerows totaled 12.82% of precipitation. Plant hedgerows reduced the number of runoff events and the amount of surface runoff. Precipitation is the main driving force for the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff, and fertilization is an important factor affecting the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus. In CK, approximately 7.36% of nitrogen and 2.63% of phosphorus from fertilization entered the surface water through runoff. Drip fertigation reduced the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface soil and lowered the runoff loss concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Drip fertigation combined with plant hedgerows significantly reduced the overall TN and TP losses by 45.38 and 36.81%, respectively, in comparison to the CK totals. Drip fertigation increased the vertical migration depth of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and reduced the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface soil, which increased the pear yield. The promotion of drip fertigation combined with plant hedgerows will greatly reduce the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus to runoff and maintain the high fruit yields in the intensive orchards of the Tai Lake Basin.

Key words: drip fertigation , plant hedgerows , , surface runoff , , nitrogen and phosphorus losses , , fruit yields

. 滴灌施肥和植物篱减少氮磷径流流失和维持果树高产机制 [J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(2): 598-610.

SONG Ke, QIN Qin, YANG Ye-feng, SUN Li-juan, SUN Ya-fei, ZHENG Xian-qing, LÜ Wei-guang, XUE Yong. Drip fertigation and plant hedgerows significantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus losses and maintain high fruit yields in intensive orchards[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2023, 22(2): 598-610.

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