Paths out of poverty: International experience

doi:10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63295-6

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球可持续发展的第一目标 (SDGs) 是在2030年前终结一切形式的贫困。尽管全球贫困持续减少，但进展缓慢且地区间极不平衡。为确保2030年在全球范围内根除贫困，研究脱贫路径至关重要，在此方面，总结国际经验、以农业发展为重点的减贫路径尤其受到广泛关注。本研究的发现在于，在土地稀缺国家，小农主导的农业增长往往对减贫影响最大。其次，一旦农业生产力达到一定水平，非农就业和城乡迁移必须随之而来。然而，过早退出农业可能造成更大的危害。第三，即使在通过部门和区域发展实现大规模减贫之前，也必须建立社会安全网，以覆盖那些没有从增长和发展中受益的人。在许多国家，生产性社会安全网已被证明具有极高的成本效益。当大量农村人口向城市转移时，城市贫困也应被社会保护计划所覆盖。研究指出，非洲农业增长在很大程度上受到土地扩张的推动，生产率低下，其减贫速度在所有地区中最为缓慢。南亚农业由小农农业的生产多样化所主导，对减贫影响很大，但其未来的减贫受到城乡移民且城市和非农产业缺乏正式就业机会的限制。许多拉丁美洲国家城市化程度高于其他发展中国家及地区，因而广泛采用社会保护计划。中国减贫的成功巨大，在很大程度上是由农业主导的改革及农村发展推动的。这些改革使农村居民的收入显著提高，贫困和饥饿人数大幅下降，且以可承受的价格进一步增加了粮食供应。同时，对营养、保健、教育、清洁用水和良好卫生设施方面的投资也起了关键作用。

Abstract:

The global community has committed, as the first priority of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to end poverty in all its forms everywhere. While the decline of global poverty continues, progress has slowed and remains uneven through different parts of the world. To ensure that no one is left behind in China and beyond, research will be critical to inform paths out of poverty. In this regard, it is valuable to take stock of international experiences and the various pathways out of poverty with a focus on agriculture. Africa’s agricultural growth has been largely driven by land expansion and poverty reduction has been the slowest among all regions. South Asia agriculture has been led by diversification of smallholder agriculture and its poverty reduction impact has been large, but its future poverty reduction is limited by rural–urban migration and lack of formal jobs in urban centers. Social protection programs have been used by many Latin American countries as the region is more urbanized than any other developing regions. China’s agricultural and economic success was driven by agriculture-led reforms and rural development. These changes brought significantly higher incomes among rural residents, which accounted for highest initial levels of poverty and hunger, and in increased availability of food at affordable prices. Investments in nutrition, health, education, clean water, and good sanitation also complemented progress. The foremost lesson is that smallholder-led agriculture growth in land scarce countries often have the largest impact on poverty reduction. Secondly, nonfarm employment and rural–urban migration must follow once agricultural productivity has reached a certain level. However, premature exiting from agriculture can do more harm. Thirdly, even before large scale poverty reduction through sectoral and regional development is exhausted, social safety nets must be established to cover those who have not benefited from growth and development. Productive social safety nets have proven to be cost-effective in many countries. Urban poverty should also be part of the protection scheme when large proportion of rural population moves to cities.

Key words: poverty , agriculture , food systems , sustainable development , agricultural transformation

. [J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(4): 857-867.

FAN Sheng-gen, Emily EunYoung CHO. Paths out of poverty: International experience[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2021, 20(4): 857-867.

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