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2596 BI Yu-lin et al. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019, 18(11): 2589–2597 complete understanding needs further examination. This novel suggestion of new lncRNAs should help guide further examinations of the regulation of target genes. 5. Conclusion We present a new regulation of lncRNAs (L11530 and L09863) on immunity in peripheral blood lymphocytes of chickens for REV infection by changing the expression of their specific target gene ( NOD1 or TRAF5 ) via the NOD-like receptor pathway for the first time. Our findings will help to provide new clues for deciphering the underlying immune mechanisms for REV in chicken blood lymphocytes. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Prof. Qian Kun (Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China) and Prof. Cui Zhizhong (Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China) for providing the REV strain HA1101. The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31802057) and the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2015BAD03B03). Appendices associated with this paper can be available on http://www.ChinaAgriSci.com/V2/En/appendix.htm References Alvarez-Dominguez J R, Lodish H F. 2017. Emerging mechanisms of long noncoding RNA function during normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Blood , 130 , 1965–1975. Bai Y, Dai X, Harrison A P, Chen M. 2015. RNA regulatory networks in animals and plants: A long noncoding RNA perspective. Briefings Functional Genomics , 14 , 91–101. Bi D, Gao Y, Chu Q, Cui J, Xu T. 2017. NOD1 is the innate immune receptor for iE-DAP and can activate NF-κB pathway in teleost fish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology , 76 , 238–246. Bi Y L, Xu L, Qiu L, Wang S S, Liu X, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Chang G B, Chen GH. 2018. Reticuloendotheliosis virus inhibits the immune response acting on lymphocytes from peripheral blood of chicken. Frontiers in Physiology , 9 , 4. Buchta C M, Bishop G A. 2013. TRAF5 negatively regulates TLR signaling in B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology , 192 , 145–150. Chen L L, Carmichael G G. 2010. Decoding the function of nuclear long non-coding RNAs. Current Opinion in Cell Biology , 22 , 357–364. Dey B K, Mueller A C, Dutta A. 2014. Long non-coding RNAs as emerging regulators of differentiation, development, and disease. Transcription , 5 , e944014. Feng J, Bi C, Clark B S, Mady R, Shah P, Kohtz J D. 2006. The Evf-2 noncoding RNA is transcribed from the Dlx- 5/6 ultraconserved region and functions as a Dlx-2 transcriptional coactivator. Genes & Development , 20 , 1470–1484. Hrdlicková R, Nehyba J, Humphries E H. 1994. v-el induces expression of three avian immunoregulatory surface receptors more efficiently than c-rel. Journal of Virology , 68 , 308–319. Hu X, Sood A K, Dang C V, Zhang L. 2017. The role of long noncoding RNAs in cancer: The dark matter matters. Current Opinion In Genetics & Development , 48 , 8–15. Huang C C, Kuo K K, Cheng T C, Chuang C H, Kao C H, Hsieh Y C, Cheng K H, Wang J Y, Cheng CM, Chen C S, Cheng T L. 2015. Development of membrane-bound GM-CSF and IL-18 as an effective tumor vaccine. PLoS ONE , 10 , e0133470. Keestra-Gounder A M, Tsolis R M. 2017. NOD1 and NOD2: beyond peptidoglycan sensing. Trends in Immunology , 38 , 758–767. Kim J G, Lee S J, Kagnoff M F. 2004. Nod1 is an essential signal transducer in intestinal epithelial cells infected with bacteria that avoid recognition by toll-like receptors. Infection and Immunity , 72 , 1487–1495. Kim Y, Brown T P, Pantin-Jackwood M J. 2004. The effects of cyclophosphamide treatment on the pathogenesis of subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) infection in broiler Fig. 4 The proposed molecular regulatory network on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) (L11530 and L09863) activating nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pathway after reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) infection. L11530 and L09863 regulate the immunity of peripheral blood lymphocytes in chickens after REV infection by regulating the expression of their specific target gene ( NOD1 or TRAF5 ) via the NOD-like receptor pathway.