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2576 WANG Ran et al. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019, 18(11): 2571–2578 resistance in SX-R, which means that the P450 inhibitor PBO had a significant synergistic effect in the SX-R strain, indicating that a high level of cyantraniliprole resistance might result from overexpression of metabolic enzymes. Similarly, a previous study reported that PBO and DEM increased the toxicity of cyantraniliprole in the selected strain of P. xylostella . Several similar results have reported that inhibition by PBO could partially suppress resistance of lepidopteran pests in chlorantraniliprole resistant strains (Wang et al. 2013; Muthusamy et al. 2014; Sun et al. 2018). Furthermore, in one chlorantraniliprole-resistant strain of P. xylostella , overexpression of one P450 gene may contribute to chlorantraniliprole resistance (Li et al. 2018). Considering that chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole are both anthranilic diamides (Selby et al. 2017), more research must be conducted to explore metabolic resistance of the SX-R strain based on reported mechanisms of chlorantraniliprole resistance in pests. 5. Conclusion The field-evolved population SX showedmoderate resistance to cyantraniliprole. After successive cyantraniliprole selection with SX population, it reached high level of resistance to cyantraniliprole and was established as SX-R resistant strain. In this strain, characteristics of cyantraniliprole resistance were illustrated such as cross-resistance, inheritance and synergism, and potential enhanced oxidative metabolism was demonstrated. Considering that extensive cyantraniliprole resistance has been detected in China, it is important to explore and understand the mechanism to design better strategies of resistance management. Acknowledgements This study was partly supported by research grants from the Scientific and Technological Innovation Capacity Construction Special Funds of the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, China (KJCX20180705), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601635), the State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, China (SKL2018007), the Program on Application Basic Research Project of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, China (2016AG004). References Ahmad M, Khan R A. 2017. Field-evolved resistance of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to carbodiimide and neonicotinoids in Pakistan. Journal of Economic Entomology , 106 , 1404–1413. Barry J D, Portillo H E, Annan I B, Cameron R A, Clagg D G, Dietrich R F, Watson L J, Leighty R M, Ryan D L, McMillan J A, Swain R S, Kaczmarczyk R A. 2015. 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