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2072 ZHANG Shuai et al. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018, 17(9): 2066–2073 greater genetic diversity. Nineteen geographic populations were collected in the North China Plain beside Anyang. Those places are traditional cotton planting areas, and the cotton in collection fields are far from other A . gossypii hosts such as zucchini and cucumber. All of the individuals belonged to the 4 biotypes that were classified in the cotton host-race (Luo et al. 2016). Generally, Type 3 was the main biotype in cotton fields in northern China. 5. Conclusion In this study, we used single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the Cytb and 16S genes beyond the 5 single- nucleotide polymorphisms previously used to distinguish A . gossypii biotypes in northern China. The life cycles of different host biotypes of A . gossypii in northern China were discussed. Type 3 was the main biotype found in northern China cotton fields. Acknowledgements This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31572015) and the National Special Transgenic Project of China (2016ZX08012-004). References Biles B D, Connolly B A. 2004. Low-fidelity Pyrococcus furiosus DNA polymerase mutants useful in error-prone PCR. Nucleic Acids Research , 32 , e176. Blackman R L, Eastop V F. 2000. Aphids on the World’s Crops. An Identification Guide . Wiley-Interscience, Chichester. Boissot N, Schoeny A, Vanlerberghe-Masutti F. 2016. Vat , an amazing gene conferring resistance to aphids and viruses they carry: Frommolecular structure to field effects. Frontiers in Plant Science , 7 , 1420. Brevault T, Carletto J, Linderme D, Vanlerberghe-Masutti F. 2008. Genetic diversity of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii in the unstable environment of a cotton growing area. Shandong Province A Henan P rovince Hebei Province HBNP SDLL HBZQ SDWC SDXJ SDLQ HBWX HBQX HBQZ HBLZ HNAY SDCX SDJX SDCW SDSX HNSQ HNLY HNXH HNYL HNWS Shandong Province B Henan Province Hebei Province HBNP SDLL HBZQ SDWC SDXJ SDLQ HBWX HBQX HBQZ HBLZ HNAY SDCX SDJX SDCW SDSX HNSQ HNLY HNXH HNYL HNWS Shandong Province C Henan Province Hebei Province HBNP SDLL HBZQ SDWC SDXJ SDLQ HBWX HBQX HBQZ HBLZ HNAY SDCX SDJX SDCW SDSX HNSQ HNLY HNXH HNYL HNWS 50°N 40°N 30°N 20°N 50°N 40°N 30°N 20°N 50°N 40°N 30°N 20°N 80°E 90°E 100°E 110°E 120°E 130°E 80°E 90°E 100°E 110°E 120°E 130°E 80°E 90°E 100°E 110°E 120°E 130°E N N N Fig. 4 Distribution of Aphis gossypii biotypes over 20 A. gossypii geographic populations in 3 provinces in China. A, Type 3. B, Type 4. C, Type 2 (green) and Type 5 (blue). See Table 2 for detailed information of all the abbreviations of geographic populations.