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Response of Cultivated-Layer Water-Holding and Drought Resistance Performance and Productivity to Erosion Degree in Purple Soil Sloping Farmland NI ShuHui, SHI DongMei, PAN LiDong, YE Qing, WU JunHao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (7): 1350-1362.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.07.011 Abstract （36）   HTML （3）    PDF （548KB）（44）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to analyze the water-holding performance and yield response characteristics of purple soil slope farmland under erosion conditions, so as to provide the theoretical basis for regulating seasonal drought and moisture use efficiency of sloping farmland, and improve yield of sloping farmland under erosion conditions.【Method】 Soil erosion simulation method was adopted, with the non-eroded plot as the control group (S-0), and based on erosion degrees of 5 cm (S-5), 10 cm (S-10), 15 cm (S-15), 20 cm (S-20) and 3 management measures (no fertilizer (CK), fertilizer (F), biochar + fertilizer (BF)). The variation of water retention and drought resistance of slope soil layer and the variation of corn yield and response to erosion degree were compared and analyzed.【Result】(1) The core soil layer soil water-holding performance was stronger. At the same level of soil moisture suction, the reduction amplitude of soil volume moisture content in the tillage layer (13.9%-18.2%) was greater than that in the core soil layer (9.8%); with interannual changes, the volumetric moisture content of the cultivated soil increased maximum at S-5 (14.2%), while the core soil layer showed the maximum at S-15 (33.2%). (2) The total storage capacity, active storage capacity, maximum effective storage capacity, and effective moisture content of sloping farmland soil showed a parabolic variation pattern with increasing erosion. With interannual changes, the maximum increase in maximum effective storage capacity (44.7%) at various erosion levels was at a relatively strong erosion level (S-15), while the maximum increase in effective moisture content, maximum water storage capacity, and maximum single acceptance rainfall was at weak erosion levels (S-0 to S-10). (3) The corn yield of slope cultivated land decreased with the increase of erosion, which was positively correlated with the maximum effective storage capacity and field water capacity; with interannual changes, the yield reduction effect of sloping farmland decreased under different degrees of erosion, and the yield change showed a certain lag with the deterioration of erosion, that is, there was no significant reduction in yield in the year of erosion. (4) The maximum effective storage capacity of sloping farmland soil under erosion conditions was significantly affected by the clay content, capillary porosity, and organic matter content (P<0.01); The field water capacity was significantly correlated with soil depth, organic matter, silt, and porosity (P<0.01).【Conclusion】The strength of the soil water-holding and drought performance was mainly affected by the merits of the soil structure. The soil structure of slope farmland under erosion conditions could be improved by combining deep tillage and biochar+fertilizer management measures, which could effectively regulate the water-holding and drought resistance of erosive cultivated-layer of sloping farmland and improve crop yield of sloping farmland under erosion conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of Acidity and Nutrient Changes in Red Soil After Conversion of Paddy Field to Dry Land and Vegetable Field QIU HaiHua, KUAI LeiXin, ZHANG Lu, LIU LiSheng, WEN ShiLin, CAI ZeJiang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (3): 525-538.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.03.008 Abstract （93）   HTML （9）    PDF （996KB）（50）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of changes in soil acidity and nutrient content after the conversion of paddy fields with different parent material development into dryland and vegetable fields in Qiyang, a typical county in the red soil area, so as to provide a scientific basis for the rational use of land to prevent acidification in the area. 【Method】18 sites were selected and collected from paddy fields and adjacent dryland and vegetable fields to analyze the changes of soil pH, exchangeable acid, exchangeable salt-based ions, organic matter, cation exchange, and nutrient content and their interrelationships. 【Result】 The pH of all the soils developed with alkaline parent material was significantly higher than that of the soils developed with acidic parent material. Soil pH decreased by 0.48 units after the conversion of acidic parent material developed paddy fields to vegetable fields; soil pH decreased by 0.74 and 0.53 units after the conversion of alkaline parent material developed paddy fields to drylands and vegetable fields, respectively. The bilinear model fit analysis showed that the soil exchangeable aluminum content increased rapidly when the soil pH was below 5.88, 5.78 and 5.63 in the paddy field, dryland and vegetable field, respectively, and the increment of soil exchangeable aluminum content increased by 1.09, 2.33 and 2.93 cmol(+)·kg-1 by one pH unit, respectively. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen content decreased by 11.06 and 0.42 g·kg-1, respectively, in the acidic matrices developed paddy fields converted to drylands, while no significant changes were observed in vegetable fields; soil organic matter and total nitrogen content decreased significantly in the alkaline matrices developed paddy fields converted to drylands and vegetable fields, by 13.88-17.28 and 0.57-0.71 g·kg-1, respectively. The total and effective phosphorus content of the soil increased significantly from 0.41-0.48 g·kg-1 and 26.79-28.69 mg·kg-1 after the conversion of the paddy field with alkaline parent material to dryland and vegetable field, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that soil pH was significantly and positively correlated with soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium, cation exchange, organic matter content and total nitrogen content (P<0.01); soil exchangeable acid and aluminum were significantly correlated with effective phosphorus content (P<0.05) and negative correlation (P<0.01) with soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium, cation exchange, organic matter and total nitrogen. 【Conclusion】Soil organic matter and total nitrogen content decreased significantly after the conversion of acidic and alkaline parent material developed paddy fields to drylands, while soil total phosphorus and effective phosphorus content tended to increase. Soil acidification was observed after the conversion of paddy fields to vegetable fields for acidic parent materials or to drylands and vegetable fields for alkaline parent materials; the increased nitrification and increased leaching of salt-based ions from paddy fields to drylands and vegetable fields might be one of the main reasons for soil acidification. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Continuous Reduction of Fertilizer Application on Yield Stability of Spring Wheat in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia WANG YueMei, TIAN HaiMei, WANG XiNa, HAO WenYue, LÜ ZheMing, YU JinMing, TAN JunLi, WANG ZhaoHui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (3): 539-554.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.03.009 Abstract （135）   HTML （10）    PDF （799KB）（81）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study was to explore the effects of continuous reduction of chemical fertilizer on supply of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and grain yield of spring wheat in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia (NYRIA), and to analyze the factors affecting yield stability, and then to provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilizer reduction and high yield and stable yield of spring wheat. 【Method】The field positioning experiment of chemical fertilizer reduction application was carried out for four consecutive years from 2019 to 2022, with Ningchun 4 of spring wheat cultivar as the test crop. The field treatments included conventional fertilization (CF with N 270 kg·hm-2, P2O5 150 kg·hm-2, K2O 75 kg·hm-2), the lower limit of reduced fertilization (RF1) with N180 kg·hm-2, P2O5 45 kg·hm-2, and K2O 30 kg·hm-2 (which reduced N, P2O5, and K2O by 33.3%, 70.0%, and 60.0%, respectively, compared with conventional fertilization), the upper limit of fertilization reduction (RF2) with N 225 kg·hm-2, P2O5 75 kg·hm-2, K2O 45 kg·hm-2 (which reduced N, P2O5, K2O by 17.0%, 50.0%, 40.0%, respectively, compared with traditional fertilization), and no fertilization (CK). The climatic factors during the growth period of spring wheat, soil moisture content before sowing and harvest of spring wheat, soil mineral nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium content, dry matter accumulation in shoot, grain yield and yield components of spring wheat at harvest were analyzed, and correlations among them were also discussed. 【Result】The soil moisture content before sowing were inter-annual differences in 2019-2022, among which the average was only 19.5% in 2022; the soil moisture content before sowing was significantly affected by fertilization treatment in 2020, there was no significant difference of soil moisture content before sowing between fertilization treatments in other years. The content of mineral nitrogen, available potassium and available phosphorus in the soil before sowing and harvesting were higher under conventional fertilization CF treatment, followed by RF2 treatment; there was no significant difference between them, while which of the RF1 treatment tended to decrease. In 2019, the CF treatment had the highest accumulation of dry matter in shoot and grain yield, which was 23 261.7 kg·hm-2 and 9 449.0 kg·hm-2, respectively, and had an increase of 2.8%-4.5% and 3.2%-16.0% compared with the RF2 treatment. However, from 2020 to 2022, the RF2 treatment had the highest accumulation of dry matter in shoot and grain yield, and there was no significant difference between the RF2 treatment and the CF treatment, but the yield of RF2 treatment performed the most stable at 4 years. From the perspective of inter-annual changes, the number of ears, 1000 grain weights and yields of hectares for all treatments showed a downward trend year by year, so the fertilization rate was not the main reason for the inter-annual difference in grain yield, but which was closely related to soil moisture before sowing, precipitation, temperature, humidity and wind speed. The decrease in yield in 2022 was accompanied by a lower soil moisture before sowing, hot dry air phenomenon during the filling period and a change in the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio. 【Conclusion】 In NYRIA, continuous and appropriate reduced application of chemical fertilizer with N 225 kg·hm-2, P2O5 75 kg·hm-2, K2O 45 kg·hm-2 would not significantly reduce the supply capacity of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and increase the number of ears, ear grains and 1000 grain weights in the hectares of spring wheat, and promote the transfer and accumulation of dry matter in shoot to grains to a certain extent, then tend to increase the grain yield of spring wheat. However, there were interannual differences in spring wheat yield due to climate factors, such as rainfall, wind speed, and humidity, as well as soil moisture, continuous cropping obstacles, and nitrogen fertilizer application ratios. Among them, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were the main factors affecting interannual variation of wheat yield, and their impact on fertilization effects needed further research. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Soil Application of Passivating Agent and Compound Microbial Fertilizer on Cadmium Accumulation in Winter Wheat WANG Yu, SONG YiFan, ZHANG Rong, MU HaiMeng, SUN LiFang, FU KaiXia, WU ZiJun, HUANG QingQing, XU YingMing, LI GeZi, WANG YongHua, GUO TianCai Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (1): 126-141.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.01.009 Abstract （204）   HTML （15）    PDF （562KB）（135）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The passivation effect of passivator and compound microbial fertilizer on cadmium (Cd) activity in slightly Cd-polluted weak alkaline farmland soil in northern Henan Province was studied, and their effects on Cd accumulation and translocation in different organs and yield of winter wheat were investigated too. The purpose of this study was to explore soil remediation materials for efficient remediation of Cd-contaminated soil, to reduce Cd content in winter wheat grains, and to screen wheat varieties with low Cd accumulation, so as to provide the technical support for the safe and efficient production of wheat in lightly polluted weak alkaline farmland in northern Henan Province. 【Method】In two consecutive winter wheat growing seasons of 2020-2022, two-factor split field comparison experiments of four different soil remediation materials (CK, no soil remediation treatment; CMF, single application of compound microbial fertilizer; GP, single application of soil passivator; CMF+GP, combination of compound microbial fertilizer and soil passivator) and six winter wheat varieties (Xinhuamai818, Luomai 163, Zhengmai 9023, Xinmai 296, Zhengmai 136, and Zhengmai 7698) in northern Henan Province were set up and used in the weakly Cd-polluted alkaline farmland. The changes of available Cd in soil, Cd contents in aboveground organs of wheat plants, enrichment coefficient (BCF), transport coefficient (TF), their correlations, and winter wheat yields and its components were analyzed. 【Result】(1) In two winter wheat growing seasons (2020-2021 and 2021-2022), compared with CK, single application and equal combination application of passivation agent and compound microbial fertilizer could remarkably reduce the content of available Cd in soil. CMF+GP treatment had the best effect, which significantly and effectively reduced the available Cd content by 17.6%-22.4% in the surface soil of the roots among the six varieties. The decreased available Cd in soil was related to the changes of Cd content in the aboveground organs of winter wheat plants, and there were also some differences between the same organs of different varieties. (2) Single application of soil passivator and compound microbial fertilizer, as well as equal combined application of soil passivator and compound microbial fertilizer, could make Xinhuamai 818, Luomai 163 and Zhengmai 9023 decrease TFStem sheath-leaf, TFStem sheath-grain, increase TFStem sheath-(Spike shaft+chaff), TFLeaf-(Spike shaft+chaff), reduce BCFStem sheath and BCFLeaf, and make wheat body in order to reduce BCF Grain, the content of Cd in it shifted to panicle axis + glume. In contrast, they did not reduce TFStem sheath-Leaf and BCF Stem sheath of Xinmai 296, whereas increased BCF Stem sheath of Zhengmai 136 and Zhengmai 7698. (3) Application of passivating agents and compound microbial fertilizers in soil could comprehensively regulate the number of ears, grains per ear and 1000-kernel weight of winter wheat plants, and improve the grain yields of winter wheat. However, variance analysis on soil remediation treatment and varieties showed that the increased grain yields in their interactions was mainly due to the increased ear numbers. Under CMF+GP treatment, the grain yield of Zhengmai 136 variety was the highest among all treatments, which was 7 317.17 kg·hm-2 and 10 485.32 kg·hm-2 in two consecutive 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 winter wheat growing seasons, respectively. 【Conclusion】The application of compound microbial fertilizer and soil passivator could effectively reduce the available Cd content in the rhizosphere soil with weak alkaline and mild Cd pollution in northern Henan Province, and regulate the enrichment coefficient and transport coefficient of soil Cd in various organs of winter wheat plants. The combination treatment of compound microbial fertilizer and soil passivator with the same applied amounts was better than single treatment, which could also reduce the Cd content of winter wheat grains to the maximum extent, and significantly improve the yield of winter wheat varieties. In addition, the combination of planting modes combined with the low Cd accumulation and high yield variety Zhengmai 136 screened out, could achieve the high grain yields and safe production of winter wheat in the farmland with weak alkaline Cd pollution in northern Henan Province. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Environmental Residues of Organosiloxane-Based Adjuvants and Its Environmental Risks for Use as Agrochemical Adjuvants WANG XiaoBin, YAN Xiang, LI XiuYing, TU Cheng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (1): 142-158.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.01.010 Abstract （136）   HTML （8）    PDF （606KB）（194）       Knowledge map    Save Organosiloxane-based adjuvant (or organosilicon adjuvant), one of the silicone-fluide products, is polysiloxane, predominantly composed of covalently bonded silicon and oxygen atoms. Organosiloxane-based adjuvants are widely used as additives for daily chemicals and textile products, but also as agrochemical adjuvants in agriculture due to their super spreading and penetrating abilities. At present, China’s production and sales of silicone products have reached above 2 million tons, accounting for more than 50% of the world’s total amount. China has become the world’s largest producer, consumer and net exporter of raw materials of silicone, and the production capacity of polysiloxane has reached more than 60% of the world’s total. As organosiloxane residues detected in environment (especially in water, sludge/soil and other environmental samples, aquatic food chain, as well as human tissues), their impacts on agricultural ecological environment are increasingly exposed due to the widely application of organosiloxane-based adjuvants, while the environmental risks from silicone-based agrochemical adjuvants, including ecotoxicity and environmental safety risks, have also attracted great concern. In recent years, volatile cyclomethylcyclosiloxanes (such as D4 (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane), D5 (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane) and D6 (dodecylcyclohexasiloxane)) have been recognized as emerging organic pollutants, or listed as priority controlled chemicals by EU and other countries, because of their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and potential toxicity. Based on the relevant scientific research literatures published since 1991 on the environmental residues of organosiloxane-based adjuvants and the ecological environmental safety risks in the use of organosiloxane-based adjuvant (including organosiloxane-based agrochemical adjuvants), this paper reviewed and analyzed the environmental residues of organosiloxane-based adjuvants, and their impacts directly or indirectly on agricultural ecological environmental safety. This review mainly focused on the following two aspects: (1) the organosiloxane residues in environment and their impacts on the agricultural ecological environment safety, including organosiloxane residues and fates in the process of wastewater treatment, aquatic food chain pollution risks from organosiloxane residues in water, soil ecological pollution risks from organosiloxane residues in sludge, and human health risks from organosiloxane residues in food; (2) the current situation and environmental safety risks for the use of organosiloxane-based agrochemical adjuvants, including organosiloxane residues and ecotoxicity risks from siloxane-based agrochemical adjuvants, and the management for the use of organosiloxane-based agrochemical adjuvants. This paper also discussed the management status and problems associated with siloxane-based products. For organosiloxane as agrochemical adjuvants, organosiloxane-based adjuvants were largely assumed to be “biologically inert”, and usually no risk assessment (such as ecotoxicity test and environmental monitoring) was required. Also, the adjuvant inert ingredients were generally protected as “trade-secrets” or confidential business information, and the inert ingredients were rarely identified on product labels. At present, there are no regulatory requirements for the use of organosilicone-based adjuvants in fertilizer products as agrochemical adjuvants (such as foliar fertilizer additives) in China, posing potential environmental safety risks. This paper discussed that over-addition with organosiloxane-based agrochemical adjuvants might increase their residues in soil-crop-water systems, and their ecotoxicity risks, as well as potential threats to food safety and human health. It is suggested that relevant management and research units need to pay more attention to environmental monitoring for organosiloxane residues and fates in the application process of organosiloxane-based adjuvants, and especially strengthen the research on the impacts of organosiloxane residues from organosiloxane-based agrochemical adjuvants on water, soil, animal and plant growth, as well as human health. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Standardized Establishment and Improvement of Accounting System of Agriculture Greenhouse Gas Emission ZHANG WeiJian, SHANG ZiYin, ZHANG Jun, YAN ShengJi, DENG AiXing, ZHANG Xin, ZHENG ChengYan, SONG ZhenWei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (22): 4467-4477.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.22.009 Abstract （269）   HTML （12）    PDF （463KB）（360）       Knowledge map    Save Agriculture is not only the dominant source of human food and clothing, but also the potential sector of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigation, especially methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). To standardize GHG accounting is an urgent need for agricultural carbon emission inventory compilation, carbon trading of emission reduction verification, carbon reduction subsidy and low-carbon agricultural product certification, as well as the basis for the policy making and technology selection of agricultural carbon reduction and sequestration, which is of great significance for the green-low-carbon and high-quality development of agriculture. Based on a systematic review of the relevant global specifications, guidelines, methodologies and standards of agricultural GHG accounting, this paper aimed to address the problems of imperfect monitoring and reporting systems, unsystematic accounting and calculating methods, and uncertain accounting results, by providing the following four suggestions for the establishment and improvement of agricultural GHG accounting systems. Firstly, we should further establish and improve the institutional system of the accounting system, to better clarify the subject of the main responsibility. On the existing basis of China's agricultural statistics and non-point source pollution monitoring and reporting systems, we should strengthen the construction of agricultural GHG emission monitoring (M), reporting (R) and verifying (V) system (i.e. MRV system), and supplement and improve the policy making and institutional setting, so as to clarify the main responsibilities of agricultural GHG statistical accounting and carbon reduction and sequestration. Secondly, we should further supplement and improve the accounting standards and methodologies. According to the newly issued international standards and methodologies, and the actual situation of China’s agricultural production and future development, we need to revise the agricultural components of China's Guidelines of Provincial GHG Emission Inventories. For example, the farmland carbon sequestrations of biochar application, ecological farm and well-facilitated farmland construction, photovoltaic farms and crop straw comprehensive utilization, as well as the carbon emissions of lime and urea application, ruminant livestock feeding and freshwater aquaculture, need to be supplemented into the guidelines. The accounting standards and methods of agricultural indirect GHG emissions need to be revised, and some new CCER (Chinese certified emission reduction) methodologies need to be developed for agricultural carbon trading. Thirdly, the database needs to be further renewed and upgraded. We need to strengthen scientific and technological innovations and accounting data accumulation of agricultural carbon reduction and sequestration, to renew and upgrade the basic data, action data and emission factor data of the existing accounting systems in combination with field monitoring, model estimation and literature synthesis. Fourthly, at last, it is also necessary to develop the application software supporting the accounting standards and methodologies, and carry out science popularization, technical training and application demonstration. Our suggestions could provide the references for the guideline revision of agricultural greenhouse gas emission inventories, and supports to the methodology development for trading verification of agricultural voluntary emission reduction and carbon footprint assessment of low-carbon agricultural product certification. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization Path of the Ecological Compensation Mechanism for Conservation Tillage in the Northeast Black Soil Region ZHOU Ying, YANG Peng, WANG LiGang, LEI QiuLiang, ZHANG YaNan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (22): 4478-4489.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.22.010 Abstract （137）   HTML （9）    PDF （1071KB）（108）       Knowledge map    Save In the new period, the protection of cultivated land quality in the black soil region should be the primary task to strengthen the “ballast stone” of national grain security, and to consolidate and to improve the comprehensive grain production capacity in Northeast China. Conservation tillage, while being a key technology for protecting and improving the quality of black soil, has practical constraints on its large-scale application at the policy and subject levels. The aim of this study was to understand scientifically the shortcomings of ecological compensation policies for conservation tillage in the black soil areas of Northeast China and to explore the optimization paths for the compensation policies for conservation tillage technology with a problem-oriented approach, which could provide a scientific basis for making up for the shortcomings of the system and achieving precise policy implementation. The subsidy standard of corn straw returning technology in northeast black soil region was summarized, the practical constraints of subsidy policy were qualitatively analyzed, and the main obstacle factors of current conservation tillage support policy were clarified by comprehensively utilizing literature analysis, normative analysis, and inductive deduction methods combined with field research. Three core issues were included the unclear direction of compensation policy, the unscientific basis for standard compensation pricing, and the incomplete management mechanism and institutional system. In response to the practical difficulties that ecological compensation for conservation tillage faces in black soil areas, three paths for optimizing the policy mechanism were proposed: first, the empowerment and systematization were strengthened to activate the subjectivity path of conservation tillage, and the supporting policies were established from two levels: improving empowerment positioning and cultivating new business entities. Second, a collaborative, quantitative, and standardized compensation evaluation method was constructed for environmental-economic attributes, external effects and subjective effects generated by technology were used as the theoretical basis for pricing compensation standards, and then an evaluation method system was established with integrated multiple methods, including alternative market technology, hypothetical market technology, and econometric statistical analysis. Third, a high-quality digital management and differentiated ecological compensation system was prepared for building an open and shared big data management platform, creating an ecological market picture of multi-agent collaboration and mutual benefit, and establishing multi-agent conservation tillage collaboration and a differentiated ecological compensation mechanism. In order to adapt to the new requirements for technical innovation and organizational changes in conservation tillage, a scientific evaluation system was established for the application of green technologies in conservation tillage agriculture, and optimizing the vertical management and vertical compensation mechanism, guiding enterprises and social capital to participate in market regulation, and building an ecological management system barrier for the protection and improvement of cultivated land quality in black soil areas, which provided references for optimizing the ecological compensation policy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Synergistic Application of Organic Materials and Chemical Fertilizers on Bacterial Community and Enzyme Activity in Wheat-Maize Rotation Fluvo-Aquic Soil ZHANG LingFei, MA Lei, LI YuDong, ZHENG FuLi, WEI JianLin, TAN DeShui, CUI XiuMin, LI Yan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (19): 3843-3855.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.19.011 Abstract （387）   HTML （28）    PDF （1745KB）（529）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This experiment studied the effects of long-term synergistic application of organic materials and chemical fertilizers on soil bacterial community and enzyme activity, and revealed the relationship between soil nutrients, extracellular enzyme activity and bacterial community, so as to provide a theoretical basis for formulating long-term and reasonable fertilization strategies under wheat-maize rotation system in fluvo-aquic soil. 【Method】 Based on a 10-year located experiment, five treatments were set up, including no fertilization (NF), chemical fertilizer (NPK), chemical fertilizer with straw return (NPKS), 50% chemical fertilizer with 6 000 kg·hm-2 pig manure (NPKP), and 50% chemical fertilizer with 6 000 kg·hm-2 cow manure ( NPKC ). 【Result】 (1) The combined application of organic materials and chemical fertilizers ( NPKS, NPKP and NPKC ) could significantly improve soil fertility and extracellular enzyme activity, among which NPKC treatment had the most significant effect. Compared with NPK treatment, the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase activity were increased by 13.8%-15.4%, 9.7%-15.5%, 7.2%-15.9%, 13.6%-38.5%和2.5%-13.1%. (2) Long-term combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer significantly changed the bacterial community structure and composition. In the wheat season, compared with NPK treatment, NPKS treatment significantly increased the abundance of Aggregatilinea and Parachlamydia, NPKP treatment significantly increased the abundance of Pseudomonas, Nonomuraea and Flexilinea, while NPKC treatment only significantly increased the abundance of Luteitalea. In the maize season, compared with NPK treatment, NPKS treatment significantly increased the abundance of Phycisphaera and Syntrophothermus, NPKP treatment significantly increased the abundance of Gemmatimonas, and NPKC treatment significantly increased the abundance of Aquipuribacter and Desulfosoma. (3) The results of functional prediction showed that combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers could promote soil carbon and nitrogen cycling compared with long-term single application of chemical fertilizer. In particular, the NPKC treatment had a strong effect on nitrification, ureolysis, aromatic compound degradation, xylanolysis and cellulolysis. (4) Mental analysis showed that soil pH was the main factor regulating bacterial community structure and ecological function in fluvo-aquic soil. 【Conclusion】 Long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers (especially chemical fertilizers combined with cow manure) could improve soil fertility and extracellular enzyme activity, increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, significantly change the structure and composition of bacterial communities, and promote the circulation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, thus construct an environment suitable for crop and bacterial growth in fluvo-aquic soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Application of Organic Fertilizer on Rare and Abundant Bacterial Sub-Communities in Greenhouse Tomato Soil LIU Lei, SHI JianShuo, ZHANG GuoYin, GAO Jing, LI Pin, REN Yanli, WANG LiYing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (18): 3615-3628.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.18.010 Abstract （180）   HTML （8）    PDF （1914KB）（216）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of the present study was to distinguish the rare and abundant bacteria from the whole community and to explore their responses to long-term application of organic fertilizer respectively, so as to provide new insights into the relationships between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning under major agricultural activities. 【Method】Based on the long-term fertilization experiment of greenhouse tomato, soils were collected under four different treatments, including no fertilizer (M0), low organic fertilizer 5.68 t·hm-2 (M1), medium organic fertilizer 8.52 t·hm-2 (M2), and high organic fertilizer 11.36 t·hm-2 (M3). Illumina MiSeq platform was used to analyze the diversity, community composition, co-occurrence network and potential functions differences of the rare and abundant bacterial sub-communities, and their various responses to long-term fertilization, to illustrate the key factors driving the distinct distribution patterns and responses for rare and abundant bacteria. 【Result】Compared with the abundant bacterial sub-community, the rare bacterial sub-community showed higher α- and β-diversity and distinct community composition, as well as potential functions. A functional prediction detected that abundant bacteria contributed primary functions in the greenhouse ecosystem, such as nutrient and energy metabolism, meanwhile rare bacteria contribute a substantial fraction of auxiliary functions (e.g., metabolism of cofactors), which indicated they played important roles in the functional redundancy of microbial communities. Contrasting responses of rare and abundant bacterial sub-communities to long-term fertilization were revealed in this study, in which the rare bacteria was more sensitive. Compared with no fertilizer, the long-term application of organic and chemical fertilizer significantly increased the OTU richness, Shannon diversity, and total relative abundance by 19.8%-53.8%, 5.8%-8.0%, and 1.1-1.2 times, respectively, and changed the community composition and structure of rare bacterial sub-communities. In addition, with the increased application rates of organic fertilizer, the OTU richness of rare bacteria also increased significantly, accompanied by obvious changing in community composition and structure. However, the abundant bacteria exhibited less sensitivity to long-term fertilization, with only the community composition altered. Besides, the co-occurrence network complexity increased with organic fertilizer rates, especially in rare sub-communities. Both the results of the NMDS and mantel test revealed that the controlling factors affecting rare and abundant bacterial sub-communities were different. A variety of soil factors associated with deterministic processes, i.e., SOC, soil nutrients of total N and P, Olsen-P and available K, and pH, as well as macro- and medium-aggregate, significantly influenced abundant bacteria. Structural equation model (SEM) further showed that soil organic matter and total phosphorus directly drove abundant bacterial diversity. On the other hand, less effects of environmental filtering and more scattered distribution patterns were found in rare bacteria, indicating different assemblies of rare and abundant sub-communities. 【Conclusion】Compared with the abundant bacteria and the whole community, the rare bacteria sub-community showed higher diversity and unique community composition, which improved the functional redundancy of the microbial community. Long-term fertilization altered the whole bacterial community mainly by affecting rare bacteria (i.e., increasing diversity, changing community composition, increasing co-occurrence network complexity) rather than the abundant bacteria. The controlling factors that mediated the assembly of the rare and abundant bacterial sub-communities were also different. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial-Temporal Variation Characteristics of Wheat and Maize Stalk Resources and Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Potential of Returning to Farmland in Recent 30 Years in China LIU ShuJun, LI DongChu, HUANG Jing, QU XiaoLin, MA ChangBao, WANG HuiYing, YU ZiKun, ZHANG Lu, HAN TianFu, LIU KaiLou, SHEN Zhe, ZHANG HuiMin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (16): 3140-3155.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.16.008 Abstract （229）   HTML （22）    PDF （1219KB）（447）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】China has rich wheat and maize stalk resources. It is necessary to clarify the spatial-temporal characteristics of the wheat and maize stalk resources, the corresponding nutrient resources and chemical fertilizer reduction potential through stalk incorporation, which can provide decision basis for promoting the utilization of stalk resources and reducing chemical fertilizer application. 【Method】Based on the soil long-term monitoring data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in wheat and maize planting areas of China from 1988 to 2019, this study analyzed the amount of wheat and maize stalk and its nutrient resources and fertilizer reduction potential through stalk incorporation in different years in each region of China. 【Result】The annual average amount of wheat and maize stalk resources reached 1.62×108 t and 4.23×108 t, respectively in 2010s, which were increased by 0.16×108 t and 2.04×108 t compared with 1990s, respectively. The annual average amount of wheat and maize stalk NPK resources reached 278.19×104 t and 901.08×104 t, respectively, which were increased by 27.97×104 t and 434.82×104 t compared with 1990s, respectively. Both of them increased most in North China (NC). The annual average amount of wheat stalk resources and NPK resources decreased first and then increased with planting years, while maize increased. In the first stage (1990s to 2000s) and the second stage (2000s to 2010s), the annual variation rate (AVR) of wheat stalk resources were -42.47×104 t·a-1 and 205.10×104 t·a-1, and the AVR of nutrient resources were -0.26×104 t·a-1 of N, -0.03×104 t·a-1 of P, -0.44×104 t·a-1 of K and 1.27×104 t·a-1 of N, 0.14×104 t·a-1 of P, and 2.11×104 t·a-1 of K, respectively. In the first stage and the second stage, the AVR of maize stalk resources were 397.82×104 t·a-1 and 1 643.60×104 t·a-1, and the AVR of nutrient resources were 3.46×104 t·a-1 of N, 0.56×104 t·a-1 of P, 4.46×104 t·a-1 of K and 14.30×104 t·a-1 of N, 2.30×104 t·a-1 of P, and 18.41×104 t·a-1 of K, respectively. There were more than 80% of wheat stalk and its nutrient resources distributed in NC and Middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River (MLRYR), with the highest in NC (0.93×108 t, 160.31×104 t of NPK), and the lowest in Southwest China (SW) (0.09×108 t, 16.05×104 t of NPK). About 70% of maize stalk and its nutrient resources were distributed in Northeast China (NE) and NC, with the highest in NE (1.39×108 t, 296.96×104 t of NPK), and the lowest in MLRYR (0.21×108 t, 44.40×104 t of NPK). The annual average nutrient-release amount of wheat stalk incorporation per unit area were 21.1 kg·hm-2 of N, 3.0 kg·hm-2 of P and 62.3 kg·hm-2 of K in China, with the highest in NC, and the lowest in SW. The annual average nutrient-release amount of maize stalk incorporation per unit area were 48.6 kg·hm-2 of N, 10.6 kg·hm-2 of P and 97.7 kg·hm-2 of K in China, with the highest in Northwest China (NW), and the lowest in SW. The annual average nutrient-release amount of wheat and maize stalk incorporation per unit area increased continually during 1988-2019. The proportion of wheat stalk returning nutrients to the annual chemical fertilizer application were 9.13%-10.82%, 4.26%-6.43% and 88.02%-111.86%, respectively, and that of maize stalk were 22.99%-24.37%, 16.04%-28.67% and 150.29%-171.95%, respectively. 【Conclusion】In general, using wheat and maize stalk properly could satisfy the basic potassium requirement for crop production and reduce the application of about 10%-20% nitrogen fertilizer and 5%-20% phosphorus fertilizer. Making full use of stalk resources was an important guarantee for reducing fertilizer application and increasing efficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Organic Fertilizer Replacing Chemical Fertilizer on Nitrous Oxide Emission from Wheat-Maize Rotation System in Lime Concretion Black Soil LIU GaoYuan, HE AiLing, DU Jun, LÜ JinLing, NIE ShengWei, PAN XiuYan, XU JiDong, LI Jue, YANG ZhanPing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (16): 3156-3167.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.16.009 Abstract （168）   HTML （9）    PDF （593KB）（145）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Under the condition of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer, the relationship between nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and soil environmental factors in wheat-maize rotation system of lime concretion black soil was researched, which could provide theoretical basis for greenhouse gas emission reduction from farmland. 【Method】 In this study, taking wheat-maize rotation system of lime concretion black soil as research object, the effects of no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (CF) and organic fertilizer-N replacing 20% or 40% of chemical fertilizer-N (R2FM and R4FM, organic fertilizer-N were applied in the wheat season) on N2O emissions and environmental factors driving N2O emissions were analyzed by the method of static box-gas chromatography and conventional soil parameter analysis. 【Result】 The wheat yields under R2FM and R4FM were significantly increased by 12.2% and 10.2% than those under CF, respectively, but there was no significant difference in the maize yields between fertilization treatments. Average annual N2O emission fluxes under CK, CF, R2FM, and R4FM were 5.9, 50.3, 43.9 and 39.6 μg·m-2·h-1, with 3.1, 23.6, 25.0 and 26.4 μg·m-2·h-1 in the wheat season and 8.8, 77.0, 62.8 and 52.9 μg·m-2·h-1 in the maize season, respectively. Under fertilization treatments, N2O emission fluxes were significantly positively correlated with soil NO3--N in the whole season, as well as soil temperature in the wheat season and soil water content in the maize season. Cumulative annual N2O emissions were 2.38, 2.44 and 2.53 kg·hm-2 for CF, R2FM and R4FM, which were significantly increased by 325%-354% in comparison to CK (0.56 kg·hm-2), and the range of their emission factors was 0.40%-0.44%. However, there was no significant difference between cumulative annual N2O emissions or N2O-N emission factors under CF, R2FM and R4FM. Cumulative seasonal N2O emissions were obviously different between fertilizer treatments, such as R2FM and R4FM significantly increased cumulative N2O emissions by 28.3% and 62.6% in the wheat season in comparison to CF, and their N2O-N emission factors (0.35% and 0.41%) were also significantly increased, but they significantly decreased cumulative N2O emissions by 15.8% and 33.8% in the maize season, respectively. Cumulative N2O emissions were significantly positively correlated with soil total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon in the wheat season as well as soil total nitrogen in the maize season, but they were significantly negatively correlated with soil organic carbon in the maize season, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Under the condition of organic fertilizer-N replacing chemical fertilizer-N, optimizing fertilization management in the wheat season is the key to reduce N2O emissions from wheat-maize rotation system in lime concretion black soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Diversified Cropping on the Soil Aggregate Composition and Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Content SUN Tao, FENG XiaoMin, GAO XinHao, DENG AiXing, ZHENG ChengYan, SONG ZhenWei, ZHANG WeiJian Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (15): 2929-2940.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.008 Abstract （221）   HTML （17）    PDF （482KB）（406）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 In this study, the composition as well as carbon and nitrogen distribution characteristics of soil aggregates under diversified cropping system of poaceae and legumes in the black soil region of Northeast China were elucidated, which could provide the theoretical basis and technical guidance for promoting the optimization of cropping system of combined use and cultivation in black soil. 【Method】 Field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2020 in Gongzhuling Experimental Station, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Four diversified cropping systems were considered, including maize-soybean intercropping (M/S), maize-soybean rotation (M-S), maize-peanut intercropping (M/P), and maize-peanut rotation (M-P), while the maize continuous cropping (CM) system was used as control. Soil samples of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers were collected after harvesting in October 2020. Then, soil aggregates and their soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) content under diversified cropping system were analyzed. 【Result】 Diversified cropping was beneficial to increase the content of water-stable macro-aggregates in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil (>0.25 mm), and to reduce the content of silt and clay (<0.053 mm), the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of soil aggregates under four diversified cropping systems were significantly higher than those of maize continuous cropping system (P<0.05). Soil aggregates ratios of >0.25 mm under M/S and M-S treatments were 17.5% and 13.4% higher than that under CM treatment in 0-20 cm soil layer, respectively. Soil aggregates ratios of >0.25 mm under M/S, M-S and M-P treatments was 10.4%, 8.3% and 10.5% higher than that under CM treatment in the 20-40 cm soil layer, respectively. Diversified cropping increased the SOC and TN content of soil aggregates. In 0-20 cm soil layer, the SOC of >2 mm soil aggregate under M/S, M-S, M/P and M-P treatments was 20.7%, 24.3%, 18.8% and 17.8% higher than that under CM treatment, respectively; the TN of >2 mm soil aggregate under M-S, M/P and M-P treatments was 13.0%, 16.8% and 14.8% higher than that under CM treatment, respectively. When compared with CM treatment, the contribution rates of >2 mm soil aggregate to SOC and TN under M-S and M/P treatments were higher in 0-20 cm soil layer, while the contribution rate of <0.053 mm soil aggregate to SOC and TN under M/S and M-S treatments were lower in 0-20 cm soil layer. 【Conclusion】 Diversified cropping increased the content of soil macroaggregates, decreased the content of clay particles, improved the soil aggregate stability, SOC and TN of soil aggregates, which was conducive to promoting the SOC and TN sequestration in black soil region of Northeast China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Phosphorus Reduction on Soil Phosphorus Pool Composition and Phosphorus Solubilizing Microorganisms SHEN KaiQin, LIU Qian, YANG GuoTao, CHEN Hong, LIANG Cheng, LAI Peng, LI Chong, WANG XueChun, HU YunGao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (15): 2941-2953.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.009 Abstract （207）   HTML （28）    PDF （555KB）（237）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The effects of continuous reduction of phosphorus fertilizer application on soil phosphorus components and phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms were studied, and the transformation law of soil phosphorus was explored to provide a theoretical basis for rational application of phosphorus fertilizer and efficient utilization of phosphorus in soil. 【Method】 In 2014, the phosphorus reduction positioning test was carried out in Longmen Town, Mianyang, Sichuan province. The test set 4 treatments, namely P0 (no phosphorus fertilizer), P1 (1/2 reduction, 45 kg·hm-2), P2 (1/3 reduction, 60 kg·hm-2), and P3 (normal fertilization, 90 kg·hm-2), and 0-20 cm soil samples were collected to measure and analyze soil total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), and phosphorus activation coefficient (PAC), phosphorus fractions and the change characteristics of phosphorus-dissolving microorganisms. 【Result】 Reducing the application of phosphorus fertilizer significantly reduced the TP content of the soil; compared with 2014, after 3 years of continuous treatment, the TP content under P0 and P1 treatments decreased by 7.2% and 0.9%, respectively, however, which under P2 and P3 treatments increased by 2.6% and 7.3%, respectively; after 6 years of continuous treatment, the TP difference between treatments was further expanded: compared with 6 years ago, the TP under P0 and P1 treatments decreased by 15.2% and 5.7%, respectively, which under the P2 and P3 treatments increased by 7.8% and 21.6%, respectively. The variation trend of AP content was similar to that of TP. After continuous treatment for 3 years, the content of AP under P0 treatment decreased by 18.1%, while that under P1, P2, and P3 treatments increased by 21.2%, 72.2%, and 132.1%, respectively; compared with 6 years ago, the AP variation of each treatment expanded to -24.6%-201.6% after continuous treatment for 6 years. The PAC was determined by the content of AP and TP, and its variation trend was generally consistent with that of AP. Reducing the application of phosphorus fertilizer mainly caused a significant decrease in the content of H2O-P, NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Pi, but had no significant effect on Residual-P. Among them, NaOH-Pi was the main phosphorus form that caused the change of soil TP content, and NaHCO3-Pi was the most critical phosphorus fraction in the process of soil phosphorus activation. There were differences in the abundance of phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms in different phosphorus fertilizer treatments. Redundancy analysis results showed that Nocardioides, Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Hyphomicrobium and Rhizobium were positively correlated with each form of phosphorus, among which, the genus Hyphthora was highly correlated with NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Pi. 【Conclusion】 The reduction of phosphorus fertilizer significantly changed the composition of soil phosphorus pool, and the changes of soil AP and TP were mainly affected by the changes of NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Pi. There were significant differences in the abundance of soil phosphorus-dissolving microorganisms after 6 years of continuous reduction of phosphorus fertilizer, and the genus Hyphomicrobium was the key microorganism involved in the transformation of phosphorus in the experimental area. Reducing the application of 1/3 phosphorus fertilizer for 6 consecutive years could effectively reduce the accumulation of slow-release phosphorus in the soil in this experimental area while maintaining a high level of available phosphorus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nitrogen and Phosphorus Surplus and Soil Nitrate Nitrogen Accumulation in Typical Rice-Vegetable Rotation and Banana Garden in Hainan ZHAO YongJian, ZHANG BoFei, ZHANG Chong, JU XiaoTang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (15): 2954-2965.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.010 Abstract （161）   HTML （7）    PDF （615KB）（160）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Hainan is the province with a large area of rice-vegetable rotation and banana cultivation in China, but the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers input by farmers far exceed the nutrient requirements of crops, which may have a negative impact on Hainan's ecological environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the N and P surpluses, and soil nitrate accumulation in typical cropping systems in Hainan, thus to provide scientific basis for evaluating nutrient losses and their impacts and achieving sustainable nutrient management. 【Method】 In 2021-2022, a typical area for rice-vegetable rotation and banana cultivation in Chengmai, Hainan, was selected as the research area and 20 rice-vegetable rotation plots and 15 banana orchards were identified. The information of chemical and organic fertilizer application, straw returning method and amount of above fields were obtained by real-time record of farmers' agricultural activities, crop biomass and the nutrient content were determined at crop harvest, and other nutrient input include nutrient deposition and biological N fixation were obtained by literature survey. Five banana orchards were selected and soil was collected by soil auger method and nitrate N accumulation was measured in the 0-400 cm soil profile.【Result】 The N and P fertilizer inputs to the rice-vegetable rotation were 1 308 kg N·hm-2 (975 kg N·hm-2 of chemical and 333 kg N·hm-2 of organic fertilizer) and 515 kg P·hm-2 (385 kg P·hm-2 of chemical and 130 kg P·hm-2 of organic fertilizer); the aboveground N and P uptake of the crop were 248 kg N·hm-2 and 48 kg P·hm-2; the surplus of N and P in rice and vegetable rotation was 1 196 kg N·hm-2 and 484 kg P·hm-2. The N and P fertilizer inputs to banana orchards were 1 340 kg N·hm-2 (1 293 kg N·hm-2 of chemical and 47 kg N·hm-2 of organic fertilizer) and 447 kg P·hm-2 (442 kg P·hm-2 of chemical and 5 kg P·hm-2 of organic fertilizer); the aboveground N and P uptake were 242 kg N·hm-2 and 23 kg P·hm-2; the banana N and P surpluses were 1 271 kg N·hm-2 and 435 kg P·hm-2. The nitrate-N accumulation in the 0-400 cm soil profile of banana orchards was 1 131 kg N·hm-2. 【Conclusion】 Excessive application of N and P fertilizers has led to the large nutrient surplus in typical soil-crop systems in Hainan, and large amount of nitrate-N has accumulated in banana orchard in the deep soil layer. Hainan produces typical high-value fruit and vegetables at the cost of large nutrient losses and negative environmental impacts, optimized nutrient management should be implemented to ensure its environmental safety. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Dextran Modified Phosphate Fertilizer on the Winter Wheat Yield and Fertilizer Utilization Rate YAN YanGe, ZHANG ShuiQin, LI YanTing, ZHAO BingQiang, YUAN Liang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (12): 2317-2328.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.12.007 Abstract （163）   HTML （18）    PDF （888KB）（93）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dextran modified phosphate fertilizer prepared by the reaction between dextran and phosphate fertilizer with different polymerization degrees on the growth and soil phosphorus effectiveness of wheat, so as to provide the scientific support and theoretical basis for the application of dextran in phosphate fertilizer. 【Method】By using the reaction method, glucose (monomer), maltose (2-polymer), oligomaltose (≈5-polymer) and polydextrose (≈20-polymer) were added to a mixture of phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide at 1% addition to prepare glucose-modified phosphate fertilizer (GP), maltose-modified phosphate fertilizer (MP), oligomaltose-modified phosphate fertilizer (OP) and polydextrose-modified phosphate fertilizer (PP), and the normal phosphate fertilizer (P) was prepared without the addition of dextran. The structural characteristics of the reaction between dextran and phosphate fertilizer were investigated by Fourier infrared transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR). Five treatments, including P, GP, MP, OP, and PP, were set up according to the principle of equal phosphorus amount, and the control (CK) was applied with only nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. The effect of different polymeric dextran modified phosphate fertilizers on wheat yield and fertilizer utilization was investigated by soil column cultivation. 【Result】(1) Compared with P, the FTIR spectra of dextran modified phosphate fertilizer showed a new vibration peak at 975 cm-1, and the 31P NMR spectra showed a new displacement peak at 3.09-4.51 ppm, which might be due to the reaction between the hydroxyl group of dextran and phosphoric acid to form orthophosphate monoester. (2) Wheat yields were increased by 5.1%, 9.3%, 11.2% and 1.4% for the treatments with different polymerization degrees of dextran modified phosphate fertilizers (GP, MP, OP and PP) compared with P, respectively, mainly through the number of spikes, followed by the number of grains. (3) Compared with P, the total phosphorus uptake of wheat was significantly higher by 8.2%-21.4% under different polymerization degrees of dextran modified phosphate fertilizer treatments, among which, OP treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. (4) The apparent phosphate fertilizer utilization rate of dextran modified phosphate fertilizer treatment was increased by 4.4-11.5 percentage points compared with P. The phosphate fertilizer bias productivity and phosphorus fertilizer agronomic efficiency were increased by 1.4%-11.2% and 1.6%-13.1%, respectively. The phosphate fertilizer utilization rate of both MP and OP treatments were significantly higher than P. (5) Compared with P, the soil fast-acting phosphorus content of dextran modified phosphate fertilizer treatment was significantly higher 10.2%-29.9%, and the OP treatment was significantly higher than the other dextran modified phosphorus fertilizer treatments. 【Conclusion】 Compared with common phosphate fertilizer, all dextran modified phosphate fertilizers with different polymerization degrees could improve wheat yield, promote the uptake and utilization of phosphorus in wheat, increase soil fast-acting phosphorus content, and reduce phosphorus fertilizer fixation. With the increase of dextran polymerization degree, wheat yield and apparent phosphorus fertilizer utilization increased first and then decreased. The best effect of dextran polymerization on the modification and efficiency of phosphate fertilizer was achieved when the polymerization degree of dextran was 4-6. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of No-Tillage Combined with Mulching on the Structure and Organic Carbon Content of Aggregates in Heilu Soil of the Weibei Dry Plateau ZHOU MingXing, DAI ZiJun, FAN Jun, FU Wei, HAO MingDe Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (12): 2329-2340.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.12.008 Abstract （144）   HTML （7）    PDF （603KB）（105）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of long-term no-tillage and mulching measures on soil aggregate structure and organic carbon content in Weibei dry plateau farmland, and to explore suitable tillage measures to improve the local soil.【Method】On the basis of continuous 16-year field positioning experiments, a total of 5 field management measures were selected as experiment treatments, including traditional tillage (CT), no-tillage and no mulch (NT), no-tillage + straw mulch (NS), no-tillage + plastic film mulching (NP), and no-tillage + straw + plastic film mulching (NSP). The 0-40 cm ring knife and profile soil samples were collected during the spring maize harvest in October 2019, and the bulk density, aggregate particle size distribution and organic carbon content were determined.【Result】(1) No-tillage and mulching measures (NT, NP, NS and NSP) affected the bulk density and aggregate size distribution of Heilu soil. No-tillage and mulching measures both increased the soil bulk density of the plough layer (0-20 cm), of which 0-10 cm increased significantly (6.8%-17.8%). The changes of bulk density and porosity of the plough layer were opposite to those of the plough layer. The proportion of micro-aggregates was significantly reduced, which promoted the transformation of micro-aggregates into macro-aggregates. The weight percentage of aggregates of each particle size in the plough layer (0-20 cm) was distributed as follows: larger aggregates (0.25-2 mm)>large aggregates (>2 mm)>micro aggregates (0.053-0.25 mm)>powder. The clay fraction (<0.053 mm), the larger aggregates and silty clay fractions in the plow bottom layer (20-40 cm) were significantly higher than the macroaggregates and microaggregates. (2) Under no-tillage and mulching measures, the organic carbon content increased with the increase of aggregate particle size. In the 0-40 cm soil layer, the organic carbon content of the aggregates of each particle size under NT treatment was significantly lower than that under CT treatment, while the NS and NSP treatments were significantly higher than those under CT treatment. (3) The particle size distribution of aggregates was the dominant factor causing the change of the nutrient contribution rate of aggregates. The total organic carbon accumulation in the plough layer was dominated by aggregates>0.25 mm, and the plough layer was mainly composed of silty clay components and organic carbon in larger aggregates. 【Conclusion】Long-term no-tillage and mulching measures promoted the transformation of micro-aggregates into macro-aggregates in the plough layer. Compared with traditional tillage, no-tillage and plastic film mulching decreased the organic carbon content of aggregates of various particle sizes in Heilong soil and in the plough layer, respectively. However, no-tillage mulching (NS, NP and NSP) increased the organic carbon content of aggregates of each particle size compared with no mulching. Straw mulching alone had the best effect, and significantly improved the bulk density and the organic carbon content of each particle size aggregate increased the most, which was the best treatment in this study. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Straw Interlayer Combined with Spring Irrigation on Saline- Alkali Soil Respiration and Its Temperature Sensitivity in Hetao Irrigation District YU Ru, SONG JiaShen, ZHANG HongYuan, CHANG FangDi, WANG YongQing, WANG XiQuan, WANG Jing, WANG WeiNi, LI YuYi Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (12): 2341-2353.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.12.009 Abstract （124）   HTML （7）    PDF （1238KB）（172）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study was conducted to explore the responses of saline-alkali soil respiration to straw interlayer and irrigation regime, and to clarify the relationships between soil respiration rate and soil temperature/water content in Hetao Irrigation District. 【Method】A randomized block design was set up in 2015 with three treatments: autumn and spring irrigation (ISA), spring irrigation without autumn irrigation (IS), and spring irrigation plus straw interlayer without autumn irrigation (SIS). Soil respiration, soil temperature and moisture content were measured in 2017 and 2018, and the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration rate was also estimated. 【Result】(1) Soil temperature and soil moisture content in the 0-20 cm soil layer fluctuated obviously, while it was relatively stable in the 20-40 cm soil layer. SIS increased the soil temperature in 0-40 cm soil depth and moisture content in 20-40 cm soil depth. (2) The soil respiration rate in 2017 was higher than that in 2018. It was the highest in the flowering stage, followed by budding stage, before spring irrigation, before sowing, and harvest stage. (3) The soil respiration rates of IS and SIS were significantly higher than ISA at the flowering stage (P<0.05). Compared with ISA, IS and SIS increased soil respiration rate by 0.12-0.44 and 0.06-0.42 μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively. Compared with the IS, the soil respiration rate of SIS decreased by 0.01-0.49 μmol·m-2·s-1. These results indicated that the soil respiration rate was increased without autumn irrigation, while it was decreased with straw interlayer. (4) The soil respiration rate positively correlated with soil temperature (P<0.01), while it had no significant correlation with soil moisture content. Soil temperature at the 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layer explained 40.74%-53.84% and 39.27%-53.46% variation of soil respiration rate, respectively. (5) The temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q10) varied within 1.68-1.98 for different treatments, and the Q10 of the 20-40 cm soil depth was higher than that of the 0-20 cm soil depth. Compared with ISA, IS and SIS reduced Q10. However, SIS increased Q10 compared with IS. 【Conclusion】Overall, the straw interlayer increased the soil temperature in 0-40 cm soil depth and moisture content in 20-40 cm soil depth, reduced soil respiration rate, and increased the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration, which was used as an effective practice for water saving and emission reduction in the Hetao Irrigation District. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamics Characteristic of Straw Decomposition and Nutrient Release Under Different C/N Ratio LI Ran, XU MingGang, SUN Nan, WANG JinFeng, WANG Fei, LI JianHua Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (11): 2118-2128.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.007 Abstract （225）   HTML （12）    PDF （541KB）（369）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The decomposition, nutrient release characteristics and driving factors of straw under different C/N ratio were studied based on coal mining area, so as to provide as theoretical basis for the full utilization of straw resources and reclaimed soil fertility improvement.【Method】Air-dried maize straw and wheat straw were cut into 2 mm pieces and were selected for decomposition experiment of a coal mining reclamation area in Shanxi Province. Two C/N ratio levels of 25 and 10 were designed in maize straw and wheat straw by supplementing urea, taking no nitrogen application that C/N ratio levels was 52 and 74 as the control. All the straws (8 g in organic carbon) were put into a nylon mesh bag (0.38 µm aperture), and horizontally buried into 15 cm deep of soil. On the 12, 23, 55, 218, 281 and 365 days after buried, samples were collected from the bags to analyze the dynamic of the dry matter residue and nutrient (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). 【Result】During the first 55 days, the adjusting the C/N on 25 with the application N was the best way to accelerate the decomposition of maize straw. Meanwhile, the adjusting the C/N on 10 was the best way to accelerate the decomposition of wheat straw. Application N could significantly promote the release of carbon and phosphorus from maize straw during the first 55 days. Application N could significantly accelerate the release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from wheat straw, but had no significant effect on the release of potassium. The thermal equation of straw decomposition and nitrogen and potassium release was better than the temporal equation, and phosphorus release from straw was not suitable for the exponential decay equation. When the accumulated temperature was 4 600 ℃, the average release rates of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from straw were 49.2%, 39.5%, 40.8% and 90.3%, respectively; When the accumulated temperature reached 1 125 ℃, more than 85% the potassium of straw was released. The decomposition of straw was mainly influenced by the temperature, organic carbon, lignin and hemicellulose. 【Conclusion】Application N could accelerate the decomposition of maize straw and the release of carbon and phosphorus in the early stage, which could significantly accelerate the wheat straw decomposition and the release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus too. Temperature could better reflect the process of straw decomposition and nitrogen, potassium release than time, the decomposition of straw was mainly regulated by the temperature, organic carbon, lignin and hemicellulose. Therefore, combined with the hydrothermal conditions in the coal mining area, the straw with an appropriate amount of urea should be returned to the field in the right time to improve the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the reclaimed soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimizing Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate for High-Yield Maize in Black Soil Region Based on Ecological and Social Benefits ZHENG ChunYu, SHA ShanYi, ZHU Lin, WANG ShaoJie, FENG GuoZhong, GAO Qiang, WANG Yin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (11): 2129-2140.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.11.008 Abstract （163）   HTML （12）    PDF （955KB）（187）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate for maize, by considering ecological and social benefits in combination with agricultural and economic benefits, was studied to promote the sustainable and green maize production in black soil region, and further to realize the multiple goals including higher yield, higher resource use efficiency, improved environment and human health.【Method】Two field experiments were conducted at San-ke-shu (SKS) and Quan-yan-gou (QYG) in typical black soil region from 2017 to 2020, to study the effects of different N fertilizer (urea) rates (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 kg N·hm-2) on maize yield, N uptake and N recovery efficiency (NUE), and further to evaluate the agronomic, economic, ecological and social benefits (N-derived gross caused by N application, private benefits of removed the N fertilizer cost, ecological benefits of removed environmental pollution cost such as active nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emission, and social benefit of removed human health harm cost caused by environmental pollution, respectively) in different N rates by using life cycle assessment and comprehensive benefits analysis. The agronomically optimal N rate (AOR), privately optimal N rate (POR), ecologically optimal N rate (EOR) and socially optimal N rate (SOR) were calculated to evaluate the integrated benefits and determine the optimal N fertilizer rate for maize in black soil region. 【Result】 Maize grain yields were significantly affected by N rates, which increased continuously with increasing N input and reached the yield plateau under 200 kg N·hm-2 treatment at both two experimental sites. Under this N rate, the average yields were 10.3 and 11.1 t·hm-2 at SKS and QYG across four experimental years, respectively. The N uptake of maize plants also showed increased trends with increasing N rates, and the highest value in 200 kg N·hm-2 treatment at SKS and QYG (151.9, 161.8 kg N·hm-2, respectively). The NUE of maize showed the highest values in 100 kg N·hm-2 treatment at both two experimental sites, the averages were 70.3% and 72.2%, respectively; and then, decreased with increasing N rates. Based on 4-year results, the ecological and social costs caused by N fertilizer input increased exponentially with the increase of N application rate. The N-derived gross, private benefits, ecological benefits and social benefits of maize increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of N application rate. Based on the curve fitting calculation, the AOR, POR, EOR and SOR were estimated as 236, 225, 215 and 211 kg N·hm-2 at SKS, respectively, and which were 245, 235, 225 and 221 kg N·hm-2 at QYG, respectively. Under AOR condition, maize yields of 10.6 and 11.4 t·hm-2, the Nr losses of 44.4 and 46.8 kg N·hm-2 were obtained at SKS and QYG, respectively, while their ecological benefits were 8 786 and 10 271 yuan/hm2, and social benefits were 8 351 and 9 822 yuan/hm2, respectively. Compared with AOR, by reducing N inputs by 8.8% and 7.9% at SKS and QYG, respectively, EOR increased partial factor productivity from applied N by 9.1% and 8.1%, respectively, while reducing Nr losses by 11.7% and 11.0%, respectively. Compared with EOR, SOR further reduced N inputs by 10.6% and 9.6% at SKS and QYG, respectively, thus reduced Nr losses by 14.0% and 13.1%, respectively, while increasing social benefits by 124 and 119 yuan/hm2, respectively. 【Conclusion】Based on the comprehensive consideration with ecological and social benefits, the optimal N fertilizer rate was determined as 210-220 kg N·hm-2 for maize with yield of 10.5-12.0 t·hm-2, it was suggested that the optimal application of ecological or social benefits should be recommended for maize nutrient management in black soil area, which could synergistically achieve the multiple goals for higher yields and NUE, improved ecological environment and human health. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hyperspectral Prediction of Organic Matter in Soils of Different Salinity Levels in the Yellow River Delta HOU HuaGang, WANG DanYang, MA SiQi, PAN JianJun, LI ZhaoFu Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (10): 1905-1919.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.10.008 Abstract （170）   HTML （19）    PDF （2394KB）（113）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the spectral response of soil organic matter and salt, to analyze the effects of different salt content on soil organic matter prediction models, and to establish a rapid and effective hyperspectral prediction model for organic matter content in saline soils.【Method】In this study, according to different salinity contents for indoor hyperspectral measurements, the soil samples were divided into four groups of non-saline (SA), slightly saline (SB), moderately saline (SC), and heavy saline (SD). Then, ANOVA was used to explore the degree of organic matter and salinity spectral response of soils with different salinity degrees respectively. The raw spectra reflectances (raw spectral reflectance, R) were subjected to first order differential reflectance (first order differential reflectance, FD), continuous statistical removal (continuous statistical removal, CR), logarithmic (logarithmic, Log) and multiple scatter correction (multipication scatter correction, MSC) transformations were applied to the raw spectra reflectance; finally, three soil organic matter prediction models, namely multiple linear regression (multiple linear regression, MLR), partial least squares regression (partial least squares regression, PLSR) and support vector regression (support vector machine, SVR), were constructed based on four sets of samples of saline soils combined with the four transformed spectra, respectively.【Result】Soil organic matter and salinity had significant spectral response in the range of 400-900 nm and the change pattern were the same basically, and the sensitive bands of the two overlap. Modeling by dividing different salinity levels could improve the prediction accuracy of soil organic matter, but the prediction accuracy of the model decreased with the increase of salinity content. FD treatment could better highlight the difference of spectral characteristics and improved the correlation between organic matter content and spectral reflectance. Comparing the results of the three models, the highest accuracy of the soil organic matter prediction model was established using FD treatment combined with SVR, and the coefficients of determination R2 of the optimal result modeling set and validation set were 0.86 and 0.82, respectively, the root mean square error RMSE was 2.71 and 2.96 g·kg-1, respectively, and the ratio of prediction to deviation RPD was 2.42.【Conclusion】Soil salinity and organic matter overlapped in the sensitive bands near the visible wavelength (400-900 nm), and the accuracy of the organic matter prediction model could be effectively improved by classifying different salinity levels. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Variation Characteristics of Soybean Yield and Soil Nitrogen Distribution in Brown Soil Under Long-Term Fertilization LIU YuYing, SHEN Feng, YANG JinFeng, CAI FangFang, FU ShiFeng, LUO PeiYu, LI Na, DAI Jian, HAN XiaoRi Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (10): 1920-1934.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.10.009 Abstract （216）   HTML （36）    PDF （611KB）（194）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the evolution, stability and sustainability of soybean yield and characteristics of soil nitrogen (N) distribution in brown soil under different fertilization in a long-term experiment, so as to provide a scientific basis for making reasonable fertilization managements and realizing sustainable and green production of soybean in northeast region with brown soil.【Method】This study was based on the long-term fertilization experiment with brown soil, which began in 1979 with the crop rotation system of maize-maize-soybean, and 12 of the treatments were selected, including 4 chemical fertilization treatments (no fertilization (CK), single N fertilizer (N), N and phosphorus (P) fertilizer mixed application (NP), and N, P, and potassium (K) fertilizer compound application (NPK) ), single application of manure at a low rate (M1), manure at a low rate combined with chemical fertilizer (M1N, M1NP, M1NPK), single application of manure at a high rate (M2), and manure at a high rate combined with chemical fertilizer (M2N, M2NP, M2NPK). The evolution of soybean yield under long-term different fertilization and the effects of 39-year crop rotation fertilization on nitrogen uptake of soybeans and soil nitrogen accumulation distribution at harvest stage were analyzed.【Result】Compared with the CK treatment, the average yield of soybean under each fertilization treatment was significantly improved, and those under the treatments with manure at low and high rate were higher than those at treatments with chemical fertilizer alone, and the average yield under M1NPK and M2NPK treatments were the highest with 3 147 and 3 238 kg·hm-2, respectively, which were 9.5% and 12.7% higher than that at NPK treatment. The results of the grey-linear regression showed that application with manure simply or combined with chemical fertilizer significantly increased the interannual yield compared with that with chemical fertilizer alone. The variation coefficient of soybean yield at treatments with manure at the low rate was the lowest with a high yield stability. The yield sustainability index (YSI) was higher ranging from 0.41 to 0.51, which was higher than that under treatments with manure at the high rate. Combined application of manure increased the contribution of fertilization to soybean yield, but without significant difference between treatments with manure at the low and high rate. After application of manure for 39 years, the soybean N uptake increased compared with the treatments with single chemical fertilizer, which was the highest at M1NPK treatment being 314.2 kg·hm-2. With application of manure at the low rate, soil mineral N mainly accumulated in 0-60 cm soil layers, and its accumulation at 60-100 cm soil depths was low. The mineral N accumulation in the 0-80 cm soil layers with application of manure and chemical fertilizer were higher than those under M1 treatment, which would provide available N for crop, but the mineral N in the 80-100 cm soil layer was lower than that in the upper soil, which reduced the risk of N leaching. Among them, the mineral N accumulation in the 0-60 cm soil layers was the highest at M1NPK treatment, and the 60-100 cm soil layer showed a continuous decrease trend with the increase of soil depth, while the M2NPK treatment of the block with manure at the high rate showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. The soil total N and microbial biomass N were increased in the top 20 cm soil layer after fertilization with manure and chemical fertilizer for 39 years, which were higher than that in the 20-40 cm soil depth. Compared with NPK treatment, the total N concentration in the 0-20 cm soil layer under M1NPK and M2NPK treatments increased by 13.9% and 5.5%, respectively, where the microbial biomass N concentration increased by 32.6% and 92.1%, respectively.【Conclusion】Long-term fertilization affected crop yield, N uptake, and soil N distribution. In the maize-maize-soybean rotation system in the brown soil area of Northeast China, the application of N, P, and K fertilizer combined with manure at a low rate (13.5 t·hm-2) in the maize season, and the lonely application of N, P, and K fertilizer in the soybean season changed the soil N distribution and accumulation, and thus influenced the soybean N uptake, increased the soybean yield, improved the yield stability and sustainability. The increase of soil total N and microbial biomass N concentration at soybean harvest under long-term application of manure at a low rate increased the soil N supply, meanwhile the reduction of mineral N accumulation in deep soil reduced the risk of N loss by leaching, which was conducive to the sustainable and green production of soybean and was a reasonable fertilization method for this rotation system. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Biochar Combined with Dicyandiamide on Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Facility Vegetable Soil SONG BoYing, GUO YanJie, WANG WenZan, LÜ ZeNan, ZHAO YuQing, LIU Lu, ZHANG LiJuan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (10): 1935-1948.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.10.010 Abstract （207）   HTML （33）    PDF （599KB）（142）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This paper aimed to explore the comprehensive effects of biochar, dicyandiamide (DCD) and their combined application on the greenhouse gas (N2O, CO2 and CH4) emissions from facility soil, so as to provide a scientific basis for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions and green development of facility vegetable production system.【Method】In this study, the facility vegetable production system was used as the research object, and a total of six treatments were set up, including no nitrogen application (CK), traditional nitrogen application (CN), recommended nitrogen application (RN), recommended nitrogen application+biochar(RNB), recommended nitrogen application + DCD (RND), and recommended nitrogen application+biochar+ DCD(RNBD). A pot experiment method was applied to analyze the effects of soil greenhouse gas emissions, and the difference in greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) and global warming potential (GWP) under different treatments.【Result】Compared with the CN treatment, the rape yield decreased by 2.9%-29.3% under the recommend nitrogen treatments (RN, RN, RND and RNBD). However, under the same nitrogen application rate, the rape yield increased by 34.4% in the treatment of recommend nitrogen combined with biochar and DCD (RNBD), indicating that biochar and DCD showed a synergistic effect on rape yield increase (P<0.05). The recommend nitrogen treatments reduced the soil N2O emissions by 29.4%-76.5% in comparation with the CN treatment, especially the RND treatment showed the best effect. However, the recommend nitrogen treatments showed little effect on soil CO2 and CH4 emissions. Compared with the CN treatment, the total GWP under the recommended nitrogen treatments decreased by 4.3%-51.2%, and the RND treatment showed the best emission-reduction effect. In terms of GHGI, the difference among the recommended nitrogen treatments was not significant (P>0.05), and the RND treatment also showed the best emission-reduction effect.【Conclusion】Under the same nitrogen application rate, the application of biochar alone or DCD alone had little effect on rape yield, but the combination of biochar and DCD could significantly increase the rape yield. Additionally, the combination of biochar and DCD could reduce the cumulative greenhouse gas emissions and GWP, but it was not superior to single application of DCD in the facility vegetable field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Film Mulching and Application of Organic Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Spring Maize on the Loess Plateau WEI YaNan, BO QiFei, TANG An, GAO JiaRui, MA Tian, WEI XiongXiong, ZHANG FangFang, ZHOU XiangLi, YUE ShanChao, LI ShiQing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (9): 1708-1717.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.09.008 Abstract （230）   HTML （42）    PDF （497KB）（254）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term film mulching and application of organic fertilizer on yield, quality, dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake of spring maize through long-term localized field experiments. 【Method】 The long-term experiment began in 2009 at the Changwu Agri-Ecological Station, and the samples were collected in 2020 and 2021. The field experiments were conducted with four treatments: mulching, no N (F), no mulching, N 225 kg·hm-2 (N), mulching, N 225 kg·hm-2 (FN), and mulching, N 225 kg·hm-2 and apply organic fertilizer (FSN). Plant samples for measuring total biomass were collected at silking stage (R1) and harvest stage (R6). The samples were divided into different parts as required, and the total N content was determined. Crude protein, crude fat and crude amylum concentrations of maize grain were determined at harvest. 【Result】(1) Mulching under nitrogen application significantly increased the yield of spring maize, while additional application of organic fertilizer under mulching further increased the yield. Compared with the control, the N treatment increased the yield by 106%-176%. The FN treatment increased the yield by 21%-75% on this basis, and the FSN treatment was further increased by 5.6%-8.4%. (2) Mulching under nitrogen application significantly increased the dry matter accumulation and N uptake of spring maize, and the two indicators were further improved after the application of organic fertilizer. (3) The crude protein content under N treatment was 8.67%-8.94%, while the crude protein content under FN treatment increased to 8.99%-9.34%. The crude protein content of the FSN treatment was not further improved. There were no significant differences in crude fat and crude amylum content between the treatments. 【Conclusion】FN treatment significantly increased the yield and crude protein content of spring maize. The application of organic fertilizer under FSN further increased the yield on the basis of maintaining the crude protein content of the grain, and realized the high yield and high quality of spring maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Nitrogen Accumulations and Organic Nitrogen Components in Soil Aggregates in Yellow-Mud Paddy Soil WANG Fei, LI QingHua, HE ChunMei, YOU YanLing, HUANG YiBin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (9): 1718-1728.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.09.009 Abstract （217）   HTML （46）    PDF （1211KB）（130）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Nitrogen is an important limiting factor for soil productivity in sticky and thin medium-low-yield paddy soil in southern China. In order to provide the basis for reasonable fertilization and soil nitrogen pool management, the effects of long-term fertilizations on nitrogen accumulations and organic nitrogen components in soil aggregates in a yellow-mud paddy soil were investigated.【Method】 In the 36th year, soil samples from the plough layer under different fertilization treatments in the long-term experiment of yellow-mud paddy soil were collected to analyze the nitrogen accumulation and the content of organic nitrogen components as well as their distributions in aggregates by wet screening and Bremner organic nitrogen classification method. The treatments included: no fertilization (CK), application of chemical fertilizer (NPK), chemical fertilizer plus cow dung (NPKM), and chemical fertilizer plus total rice straw returning (NPKS). 【Result】 The content of total nitrogen in >2 mm aggregate was significantly increased by 12.7%-51.9% in fertilization treatments compared with that in CK (P<0.05). The cumulative contribution ratios of TN in >2 mm aggregate to total nitrogen in bulk soil under NPKM and NPKS treatments were 24.7 and 20.0 percentage points significantly higher than that under CK (P<0.05), respectively. The content of acid-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AHN) and non-hydrolyzable nitrogen (NHN) in >2 mm aggregate in fertilization treatments were increased by 10.1%-36.3% and 20.7%-100.5% compared with those under CK, respectively, and the cumulative contributions of the two components to total nitrogen in bulk soil were increased as well, especially for NPKM and NPKS treatments. In >2 mm aggregate, the content of acid-hydrolyzable ammonia nitrogen (AMMN) in fertilization treatments were significantly increased by 17.2%-40.4% compared with that in CK (P<0.05), and the largest increasement was found under NPKM treatment. The content of acid-hydrolyzable amino acid nitrogen (AAN) and acid-hydrolyzable unknown nitrogen (HUN) were increased most significantly under NPKS and NPKM treatments, which were 24.0% and 52.1% higher than those under CK (P<0.05), respectively. The content of NHN and AMMN in >2 mm and 0.25-2 mm aggregates were all significantly positively correlated with the content of alkaline nitrogen in corresponding aggregates (P<0.05). Compared with NPKM, NPKS was more conducive to the accumulation of NHN in >2 mm aggregate. In >2 mm aggregate, NPKM had the biggest contribution to the increase of AMMN and HUN contents, and their cumulative contribution ratios to total nitrogen in bulk soil, while NPKS had the largest contribution to the increase of AAN content and their cumulative contribution ratio to total nitrogen in bulk soil. Redundant analysis (RDA) showed that the nitrogen uptake of rice plant was mainly affected by NHN components in >2 mm and 0.25-2 mm aggregates. The nitrogen uptake of rice plant was more affected by soil organic nitrogen components under NPKM and NPKS treatments than that under NPK and CK treatment.【Conclusion】The content of total nitrogen in >2 mm aggregate and their cumulative contributions to total nitrogen in bulk soil were increased in plough layer of yellow-mud paddy soil under long-term fertilizations, especially for the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. The contents of NHN, AHN and AMMN in >2 mm aggregate were closely related to alkaline nitrogen and the nitrogen uptake of rice plant in yellow-mud paddy soil, which were important available nitrogen pool. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Different Biochar Application Rates on Soil Aggregate Characteristics and Organic Carbon Contents for Film-Mulching Field in Semiarid Areas PANG JinWen, WANG YuHao, TAO HongYang, WEI Ting, GAO Fei, LIU EnKe, JIA ZhiKuan, ZHANG Peng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (9): 1729-1743.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.09.010 Abstract （240）   HTML （38）    PDF （1807KB）（167）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term plastic film mulching farmland combined with different biochar input rates on soil aggregate stability and organic carbon in northwest China, in order to provide a scientific basis for improving the soil fertility and maintaining the sustainability of crop production for film-mulching field in semiarid regions. 【Method】Based on continuous years of double ridge furrow film mulching (D), the full film double ridge furrow mulching planting and traditional flat without film mulching planting were set as the main treatment, and four biochar input rates (no returning (N), 3 t·hm-2 (L), 6 t·hm-2 (M), and 9 t·hm-2 (H) ) were set as the secondary treatment respectively to investigate the effects of different biochar input rates on soil aggregate distribution, aggregate stability, aggregate organic carbon and maize yield.【Result】The film mulching could significantly (P<0.05) increase the soil mechanical stable (6.1%-8.7%) and water-stable macro-aggregate contents (15.9%-83.6%) and maize yield (35.0%-41.8%). Under the film mulching planting, biochar inputs treatments could significantly (P<0.05) increase mechanical macro-aggregate and water macro-aggregate by 6.8% and 29.6% on average, respectively, and the effects gradually increased with the increase of biochar inputs rate. In addition, biochar inputs could also increase the soil organic carbon and aggregate organic carbon content in film mulching farmland, and the effects under DH (9 t·hm-2) were better than other treatments, with an average increased by 13.9% and 25.9%, respectively. Maize yield was significantly correlated with biochar addition rates ( λ=0.42, P<0.001 ), and DH had the highest yield with 12.8 t·hm-2. 【Conclusion】Biochar input could significantly improve soil aggregrate characteristics and organic carbon content in plastic film mulching farmland, thus increase the maize yield and promote soil carbon sequestration, especially with 9 t·hm-2. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatio-Temporal Variations of Fertilizer Contribution Rate for Rice in China and Its Influencing Factors LI YaZhen, HAN TianFu, QU XiaoLin, MA ChangBao, DU JiangXue, LIU KaiLou, HUANG Jing, LIU ShuJun, LIU LiSheng, SHEN Zhe, ZHANG HuiMin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (4): 674-685.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.04.007 Abstract （293）   HTML （45）    PDF （512KB）（189）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Spatio-temporal variations and driving factors of fertilizer contribution rate were conducted for the paddy soil in China, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of rice and scientific recommended application of fertilizers in rice cultivation areas. 【Method】 Data was cited from a total of 338 long-term paddy soil monitoring sites located in rice-producing provinces of China for this study. The effects of fertilizer contribution rate for cropping system, climate, regions, soil texture and its driving factors were evaluated. 【Result】 In the past 30 years (1988-2017), the fertilizer contribution rate for rice increased first and then levelled off in China in the condition of same rice variety and cultivation techniques both in fertilization and none-fertilization plots. The variable range of fertilizer contribution rate for rice was from 41.20% to 51.89%. The fertilizer contribution rate for rice was 38.58%-55.49%, 41.96%-51.05%, and 42.34%-53.43% in single, double rice, and rice and other cropping systems, respectively. After 30 years, the fertilizer contribution rate for rice from high to low was as follows: Southwest China (55.82%), Middle of Yangtze River (46.73%), North China (46.27%), North east China (45.90%), South China (45.83%) and Lower of Yangtze River (44.25%). According to the fitting equation, it was found that the stable fertilization years of fertilizer contribution rate for rice was 15.2 a, 18.5 a, 19.0 a, 15.3 a, 15.3 a and 14.5 a in the Northeast China, North China, Southwest China, Middle of Yangtze River, Lower of Yangtze River and South China, respectively. The fertilizer contribution rate for rice in subtropical monsoon (49.23%) was much higher than temperate monsoon (45.90%) and tropical monsoon (34.57%). The fertilizer contribution rate for rice with different soil texture was 43.25%-64.80% for clay soil, 40.65%-48.46% for loam soil, and 26.20%- 45.98% for sand soil. Among the fertilization factors, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer were the main factors affecting fertilizer contribution rate. Among the climatic factors, frost-free period, mean annual rainfall and mean annual temperature were the main factors and soil organic matter was the most important one among the soil factors. 【Conclusion】 The fertilizer contribution rate for rice was increased first and then levelled off in 1988-2017, and there was different for fertilizer contribution rate for rice under different rice cropping systems, regions, climate and texture. Nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers were main factors of fertilizer contribution rate for rice in China. Moreover, the soil organic matter in paddy soil was the most important to fertilizer contribution rate for rice in soil fertility indexes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Maize Shoot and Root Residues Added on Microbial Residue Carbon and Nitrogen in Different Fertility Levels of Black Soil MA Nan, AN TingTing, ZHANG JiuMing, WANG JingKuan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (4): 686-696.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.04.008 Abstract （269）   HTML （42）    PDF （519KB）（144）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Maize shoot and root residues are the significance sources of soil organic matter (SOM). Exogenous carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are assimilated by soil microorganism, accumulated as microbial necromass and contributed to relatively stable SOM. The objectives of this study were to clarify the accumulation of microbial residue C and N in different fertility levels of soil with shoot and root residues addition, and to qualify the contributions of microbial residue C and N to soil organic C (SOC) and total N (TN), respectively, so as to provide a basis for increasing the storage and stability of SOC and TN. 【Method】 Based on a long-term experiment of black soil with different fertility levels, this study used the 13C15N isotope labeling and amino sugar biomarkers methods, and mixed the labeled maize shoot and root residues with black soil samples. Then the mixture samples were incubated in lab, and sampled in 30 and 180 days. The percentages of exogenous C (shoot C and root C) and N (shoot N and root N) remaining in soil, contents of microbial residues C and N, and their contributions to SOC and TN were analyzed. 【Result】On the 180th day, the percentages of shoot C and root C remaining in soil were, on average, 36.3% and 31.7%, respectively, and those of shoot N and root N remaining in soil were, on average, 95.8% and 79.3%, respectively. On the 180th day, the ratio of the SOC derived from exogenous C (13C-SOC) to TN derived from exogenous N (15N-TN) were, on average, 17.6 and 28.5 in the soils with shoot and root residue addition, respectively. The ratio of 13C-SOC to 15N-TN was decreased by 47.9% and 28.2% in the soils with shoot and root residue addition on the 180th day compared with the 30th day, respectively. During the incubation, the contents of fungal and bacterial residue in the high fertility soil were, on average, 1.17 and 1.31 times those in the low fertility soil, respectively. On the 180th day, the content of microbial residue C and N (fungal and bacterial) was, on average, 8.5% higher in the soil added with shoot than that in the soil added with root. On the end of incubation, the average percentage of fungal residue C contributed to SOC was 37.0% and 33.8%, respectively, and that of bacterial residue C contributed to SOC was 11.2% and 9.2% in the high and low fertility level soils, respectively. The average percentage of fungal residue C contributed to SOC was 36.0% and 34.7%, and that of bacterial residual C contributed to SOC was 10.8% and 9.6% on the end of incubation, respectively. The average percentage of bacterial residue C contributed to SOC was 55.2% and 16.3% in the soil added with shoot and root on the 30th day, respectively. The average percentage of fungal residue N contributed to TN was 63.5% and 60.5%, and that of bacterial residue N to TN was 16.4% and 17.5% in low and high fertility level soils on the 180th day, respectively. The percentage of bacterial residue C and N contributed to SOC and TN was increased by 4.8% and 7.4% in the high fertility soil and by 20.3% and 32.5% in low fertility soil on the 180th day compared with the basic soil without shoot and root addition, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The accumulation of fungal residue was of great significance for the storage and stability of SOC and TN. Maize shoot addition promoted the accumulation of microbial residues C and N in soil compared with root addition. Low fertility soil with the addition of shoot and root improved the transformation of bacterial residue C and N to SOC and TN. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Control Irrigation on Grain Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Ridge Cultivation Direct-Seeding Paddy Field XIE Jun, YIN XueWei, WEI Ling, WANG ZiFang, LI QingHu, ZHANG XiaoChun, LU YuanYuan, WANG QiuYue, GAO Ming Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (4): 697-710.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.04.009 Abstract （197）   HTML （34）    PDF （1033KB）（121）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Paddy fields are one of the important sources of greenhouse gas emissions, while farming practices and water management can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from field to a certain extent. Ridge cultivation and direct-seeding is a new kind of rice planting pattern that saves costs and increases economic efficiency. The impact of water management of ridge cultivation and control irrigation on grain yield and greenhouse gas emissions were explored for increasing grain yield and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, so as to provide a theoretical basis and technical approaches for the innovation of high-yield and emission-reduction. 【Method】In this study, a rice-radish rotation system under the ridge cultivation from 2019 to 2021 was conducted to use as the research object. Four treatments were set up, including traditional flooded furrow irrigation (TFI: the height of irrigation was about 5 cm above the ridge), controlled furrow irrigation 1 (CFI1: the height of irrigation was about 5 cm below the ridge), controlled furrow irrigation 2 (CFI2: the height of irrigation was about 10 cm below the ridge), and control furrow irrigation 3 (CFI3: the height of irrigation was about 15 cm below the ridge). The greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential (GWP) of rice-radish season were investigated by airtight static box-gas chromatography, and the rice yield, soil reducing substances, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were measured. Finally, the optimal irrigation patterns were identified with both reducing the GWP and increasing the rice yield. 【Result】Based on the three-year experimental results, compared with TFI treatment, controlled irrigation could significantly reduce the cumulative emission of CH4 by 22.81%-78.47% in the rice season, of which CFI3 had the most significant effect; CFI2 treatment significantly increased the cumulative emission of N2O by 20.45%-59.90%, CFI3 significantly reduced the cumulative N2O emissions by 12.08%-68.64%, and CFI1 had no significant effect on the cumulative N2O emissions. For radish season, compared with TFI controlled irrigation could significantly reduce the cumulative emission of CH4 by 34.87%-53.31%, among which CFI2 and CFI3 had the most significant effects; CFI1, CFI2 and CFI3 treatments could significantly increase the cumulative emission of N2O by 35.00%-120.00%. The results of two-way ANOVA showed that control irrigation, the interaction of control irrigation and year had an extremely significance on the cumulative emission of CH4 (P<0.01). The control irrigation, year, the interaction of control irrigation and year had an extremely significance on cumulative N2O emissions (P<0.01). Compared with TFI, controlled irrigation treatment could significantly reduce GWP by 20.24%-74.87% in rice season; CFI1 and CFI2 treatments increased rice yield by 12.34%-33.97%, CFI3 treatment had no significant effect on yield. Controlling irrigation reduced GHGI by 29.37%-75.92%. Controlled irrigation affected CH4 emissions by reducing the total amount of reducing substances, active reducing substances and reducing Fe2+ by 15.00%-30.84%, 53.45%-71.65% and 60.47%, respectively. It also affected N2O emissions by reducing NH4+ by 7.51%-9.87% and increasing NO3- by 5.81%-8.55%. 【Conclusion】Controlled irrigation affected GHG emissions through soil properties such as NO3-, NH4+, and reducing substances. Therefore, CFI1 and CFI2 had the best effects in terms of reducing GWP and increasing rice yield. Under the conditions of ridge cultivation and direct-seeding in paddy field, the depth of irrigation with two-thirds or half of the depth of traditional furrow irrigation flooding was the best water management method to alleviate greenhouse gas emissions and increase rice production. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Dextran Modified Urea on Winter Wheat Yield and Fate of Nitrogen Fertilizer YAN YanGe, ZHANG ShuiQin, LI YanTing, ZHAO BingQiang, YUAN Liang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (2): 287-299.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.02.007 Abstract （252）   HTML （33）    PDF （1130KB）（127）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Saccharides could regulate nitrogen transformation and promote crop growth. However, the effect and mechanism of carbohydrate reaction with urea with different degrees of polymerization on urea nitrogen utilization and crop growth are still unclear. In this paper, the dextran modified urea were prepared by incorporated of glucose (dextran) with different polymerization degrees into 15N labelled urea. The relationship between structure of dextran modified urea and wheat yield and nitrogen utilization was analyzed, in order to provide scientific basis for the application of dextran in improving nitrogen utilization efficiency. 【Method】In the current study, the dextran modified 15N labelled-urea (glucose, maltose, oligomeric maltose, and polydextrose modified urea are represented by GU, MU, OU, and PU, respectively) and ordinary 15N labelled-urea (U) was prepared, and the effects of dextran modified urea on winter wheat (Jimai 22) growth and the fate of fertilizer nitrogen were studied by using soil column cultivation experiments. The relationship between the dextran polymerization degree and the winter wheat yield or fertilizer nitrogen fate was explored by structure investigation of the dextran modified urea using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy. 【Result】 (1) Compared with U, the dextran modified urea showed a weaker vibration intensity of primary amide at 3 343 cm-1 and 1 601 cm-1 in FTIR spectra, and a new chemical shift peak was detected at 158-171 ppm in 13C NMR spectra, which was a sign that the aldehyde group of dextran and the amine group of urea reacted and that a C=N structure attributed to Schiff base was formed. (2) The wheat yield treated with GU, MU, OU and PU was higher than that of U by 1.9%, 9.2%, 10.3% and 12.3%, respectively. The yield increase was mainly attributed to the improvement of the ears number and grains per ear. (3) The total nitrogen uptake and fertilizer nitrogen uptake of grain of the dextran modified urea treatments were also higher than that under the U treatment by 8.7%-20.0% and 6.1%-13.9%, respectively. MU, OU and PU treatments had a higher nitrogen uptake than GU. (4) Compared with U, the 15N utilization rate and the fertilizer residue rate of dextran modified urea was enhanced by 2.0-6.1 and 1.3-4.9 percentage points, respectively, while the nitrogen loss rate of dextran modified urea was reduced by 6.9-7.4 percentage points. The 15N utilization rate of MU, OU and PU treatments was significantly higher than that of U. (5) Correlation analysis showed that the yield of wheat was significantly positively correlated with the polymerization degree of dextran, while the content of Schiff base was significantly negatively correlated. Among them, the relationship between Schiff base content and wheat yield and 15N utilization rate could be significantly fitted by using one quadratic equation. When the polymerization degree of dextran was 5-8, wheat yield and fertilizer nitrogen utilization rate were the highest. 【Conclusion】 Compared with common urea, the dextran modified urea could increase wheat yield, promote nitrogen absorption and utilization, increase fertilizer nitrogen residue and reduce urea loss. Within a certain range, the wheat yield and nitrogen absorption gradually increased, while the residual fertilizer nitrogen in soil decreased along with the increase of the polymerization degree of dextran. When the polymerization degree of dextran was 5-8, the corresponding modified urea would have the best performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nitrogen Fertilizer Replacement Value of Livestock Manure in the Winter Wheat Growing Season XU JiuKai, YUAN Liang, WEN YanChen, ZHANG ShuiQin, LI YanTing, LI HaiYan, ZHAO BingQiang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (2): 300-313.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.02.008 Abstract （254）   HTML （35）    PDF （581KB）（139）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The nitrogen (N) fractions and release characteristics varied much among different types of organic manure. Study and estimation on N fertilizer replacement value of different livestock manures with chemical N as a reference could provide a theoretical basis for rational application of organic fertilizer and scientific combination application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. 【Method】In this study, composted pig manure, chicken manure, cattle manure and chemical fertilizer were selected as the research materials. There were six application rates of N set, i.e. 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 mg·kg-1 dry soil, respectively. A soil column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of N derived from manure and chemical fertilizers on wheat yield and N uptake. Furthermore, the relative replacement equivalence of N in three kinds of manure was calculated by using the response between crop N uptake or yield and N application rate. 【Result】 (1) The grain yield and biomass of wheat were increased with the elevated N application rate. When 40-120 mg·kg-1 dry soil input, the increase of grain and biological yield of chemical fertilizer and pig manure was higher than that of chicken manure and cow manure, while there was no significant difference among grain yield treated with chemical fertilizer, pig manure and chicken manure, except being significantly higher than the cow manure, when N input at 160-200 mg·kg-1. (2) At the same N input rate, chemical fertilizer could significantly improve wheat grain N uptake and aboveground N uptake compared with manure treatment. For three kinds of manure treatment, the total aboveground N uptake associated with pig manure was the highest, that with chicken manure followed, and that with cow manure was the low. In this study, the N recovery rate under three kinds of manure treatments was firstly increased and then decreased with the elevated N application level, while the N recovery rate of chemical fertilizer showed a gradually decrease trend. (3) When N input at different application levels, the relative N replacement value of pig manure, chicken manure, and cow manure were 37.7%-84.2%, 23.1%-71.0% and 11.3%-34.2%, respectively, with wheat grain yield as a reference index; 49.2%-91.3%, 23.3%-78.3%, 7.4%-42.2% with aboveground biomass as a reference index; 31.1%-76.3%, 19.8%-67.1%, 6.0%-35.7% with grain N uptake as a reference index; 30.8%-97.1%, 19.8%-75.6%, 7.8%-43.8% with aboveground N uptake as a reference index. There was a positive correlation (P<0.01) between the N replacement value of organic manure and N application rate. 【Conclusion】In this study, the relative N replacement value of organic manure was affected by both organic fertilizer types and N application rate. Within a certain range of N application level, the N replacement value of livestock manure increased with the increase of N application level. The average relative equivalent of N replacement by pig manure, chicken manure, and cow manure were 59.6%, 46.2%, and 23.6%, respectively. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accounting Framework of Carbon Footprint on Integrated Cropping-Breeding Farming System: A Case on Maize-Cow-Recycling Manure Model CHEN XiaoWei, WANG XiaoLong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2023, 56 (2): 314-332.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.02.009 Abstract （320）   HTML （48）    PDF （598KB）（204）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Based on scientific agricultural carbon assessment method, the comprehensive assessment of the carbon sequestration and emission reduction effect of the whole life cycle of complex integrated cropping-breeding farming system is the basis for the design and optimization of low-carbon farming system in China from the perspective of the whole industry chain. This study compared five system scenarios and their corresponding carbon footprint assessment frameworks for crop-livestock cycle industry chain, intending to provide the scientific, reasonable and usable methodological references for the creation of low-carbon farming systems. 【Method】A carbon footprint accounting based on life cycle assessment published by ISO 14040 and greenhouse gas accounting provided by IPCC were combined to construct a carbon footprint evaluation framework for the integrated cropping-breeding farming systems under the different system boundaries. The Maize-Cow-Recycling Manure model in tropical crop areas of South China was used as case to validate the effect of the proposed accounting framework. 【Result】 The assessment framework clarified that the whole chain of the integrated and separated crop-livestock models both had six accounting links, including agricultural inputs, crop cultivation, animal breeding, manure management, transportation, and soil carbon sink. Furthermore, the carbon measurement logic of each link and its carbon footprint accounting method were analyzed. The case results showed that the whole-life carbon footprint of the integrated crop-livestock model was 34.44% lower than that of the separated model, showing better carbon sequestration and emission reduction effect. The assessment framework could fully reflect the "indirect emissions" of upstream agricultural production and transportation, as well as the "alternative emissions reduction" of downstream feed substitution and waste recycling after "coupling" or "decoupling" of farming. In addition, the evaluation results were more closely related to the actual production of the farming system in the integrated cropping-breeding farming system by combing the field measurement data and research data, as well as the model evaluation parameters of the background system. 【Conclusion】The carbon footprint assessment framework of farming systems in the integrated cropping-breeding farming system constructed was able to conduct a comprehensive carbon sequestration and emission reduction effects of the industrial chain in integrated and separated systems under the whole life cycle perspective and reasonable system boundary, which provided directions for optimization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integration of Agricultural Machinery and Agronomic Techniques for Crop Nutrient Management in China MI GuoHua,HUO YueWen,ZENG AiJun,LI GangHua,WANG Xiu,ZHANG FuSuo Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2022, 55 (21): 4211-4224.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.21.009 Abstract （390）   HTML （54）    PDF （1489KB）（344）       Knowledge map    Save The efficient nutrient management is essential for agricultural green development. With the increase of farm land scale and the development of agricultural mechanization, the mismatch between agricultural machinery and agronomy in nutrient management becomes increasingly obvious. There is a requirement to coordinate agronomic techniques and machinery operation. This paper analyzed the current situation and improvement direction in nutrient management techniques and agricultural machinery in the cropping system of spring maize in northeast China, winter wheat-summer maize in north China, and rice planting system in south China. It is indicated that efficient fertilizer application technology needs suitable fertilizer application machinery as guarantee, new fertilizer products need new fertilizer application machinery, changing cultivation and tillage methods generates new demand for agricultural machinery, and fertilizer application mechanization to be upgraded by using information and automatic intelligent techniques. At the same time, the fertilizer products and fertilizer application technology innovation need to take into consideration of the feasibility of mechanization. This paper described the research progress of starter fertilizer, synchronized fertilizer application and sowing technology, and straw mulching strip tillage technology in maize, within-season mechanized fertilizer application technology in wheat, mechanized side-depth fertilizer application technology in rice, and mechanized variable fertilizer application technology in China. The suggestions were provided to enhance the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomic technology, so as to upgrade the level of nutrient management of field crops. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Chelating Agent on Dissolution, Fixation and Fertisphere Transformation of Diammonium Phosphate DONG ZeKuan,ZHANG ShuiQin,LI YanTing,GAO Qiang,ZHAO BingQiang,YUAN Liang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2022, 55 (21): 4225-4236.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.21.010 Abstract （290）   HTML （39）    PDF （1147KB）（118）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Promoting the dissolution of phosphate fertilizer and reducing its fixation are important ways to ensure the phosphate supply and to improve the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer. In this study, the test products of phosphate fertilizer by adding hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and sodium gluconate (SG) into diammonium phosphate were prepared to investigate its dissolution, anti-fixation and fertisphere transformation characteristics, so as to provide a theoretical and technical basis for the efficient utilization of phosphate fertilizer. 【Method】 HEDP and SG were physically mixed with powdered diammonium phosphate at the addition ratio of 0, 0.5%, 1%, 3% and 5%, respectively, and the extrusion granulation was used to obtain the nine granular diammonium phosphate test products, specifically, common diammonium phosphate (P), HEDP0.5%+P, HEDP1%+P, HEDP3%+P, HEDP5%+P, SG0.5%+P, SG1%+P, SG3%+P, and SG5%+P. The dissolution rate and fixation rate of water-soluble phosphorus in different diammonium phosphate particles were analyzed and compared by using water dissolution rate method and CaCl2 precipitation method, respectively. A soil cultivation was conducted to investigate the transformation characteristics of diammonium phosphate in the fertisphere. 【Result】 (1) Adding HEDP and SG increased the dissolution rate of diammonium phosphate on average by 27.7% and 20.0%, respectively. When HEDP and SG were added at 5% and 0.5%, the dissolution rates were 5.1%·min-1 and 4.8%·min-1, respectively, higher than other additive rate, and also higher than P by 39.2% and 32.6%, respectively. (2) When HEDP and SG were added, the fixation rates of water-soluble phosphorus in diammonium phosphate decreased by 10.3% and 6.6%, respectively. When the additive rate of chelating agent was at 5% and 3%, the fixation rate of water-soluble phosphorus was lower than P by 58.1% and 61.3% for HEDP, 17.0% and 11.8% for SG, respectively. (3) The content of available phosphorus in the fertisphere soil treated with HEDP+P and SG+P significantly increased by 39.5% and 21.2%, respectively, and HEDP+P had a better performance. When the additive rate of HEDP and SG was at 3%, the available phosphorus content in fertisphere soil was 2.9 g·kg-1 and 2.5 g·kg-1, respectively, higher than that of P by 53.3% and 31.9%, respectively. (4) The Ca2-P contents in the fertisphere soil treated with HEDP+P and SG+P were higher than that of P by 38.2% and 43.0%, respectively, and both of HEDP and SG had a better performance when their additive amount at 3%. The Ca8-P content in the 5 mm fertisphere soil treated with HEDP+P and SG+P was lower than that of P by 33.6% and 14.5%, respectively. When the additive amount of HEDP and SG was at 0.5% and 3%, the Ca8-P content of fertisphere was 0.9 g·kg-1 and 1.5 g·kg-1, respectively, lower than that of P by 53.4% and 25.8%, respectively. (5) The contents of available phosphorus and Ca2-P in the fertisphere soil were positively correlated with the dissolution rate of phosphorus fertilizer and negatively correlated with the fixation rate of water-soluble phosphorus.【Conclusion】The addition of HEDP and SG could effectively enhance the dissolution of diammonium phosphate and reduce phosphorus fixation. HEDP had a better performance, and especially when its addition amount was at 3%, HEDP could more improve the available phosphorus content and decrease the transformation from Ca2-P to Ca8-P in the fertisphere soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Characteristics of Soil Nutrients and Soil Enzyme Activities During Wheat Growth Stage Under Different Tillage Patterns ZHU ChangWei,MENG WeiWei,SHI Ke,NIU RunZhi,JIANG GuiYing,SHEN FengMin,LIU Fang,LIU ShiLiang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2022, 55 (21): 4237-4251.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.21.011 Abstract （352）   HTML （62）    PDF （591KB）（202）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study was aimed to select the optimum tillage pattern by investigating the dynamic changes of different tillage patterns on soil nutrients, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities during different wheat growth stages in fluvo-aquic soil in Huang-Huai Plain.【Method】The field experiment was carried out from 2016 to 2019. Five rotation tillage modes were set as: (1) Continuous Rotary Tillage (RT-RT-RT); (2) Deep tillage-Rotary tillage-Rotary tillage (DT-RT-RT); (3) Deep tillage-Rotary tillage-Shallow rotary tillage (DT-RT-SRT); (4) Deep tillage-Shallow rotary tillage-Shallow rotary tillage (DT-SRT-SRT); (5) Deep tillage-Shallow rotary tillage-Rotating tillage (DT-SRT-RT). Three years is a cycle. In the third year of the 3-year cycle, i.e. 2019, 0-40 cm soil layer samples were taken at the wheat greening stage (GS), jointing stage (JS), filling stage (FS), and maturity stage (MS). The contents of alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and the activities of urease, invertase, and neutral phosphatase in different soil layers were measured and analyzed.【Result】All soil indicators were decreased with the soil depths during the whole wheat growth stage. Compared with RT-RT-RT, the increment of available nutrients contents at 20-40 cm soil layer were significantly higher than those at 0-20 cm soil layer under the treatments with deep tillage combined with rotary tillage or shallow rotary tillage, but which presented few effects on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities under soil layers compared with the effects on soil available nutrients. The dynamic changes of each soil indicators under different treatments during the wheat main growth stages were consistent with the growth and fertilizer requirements of crops. The AP, AK, SMBC, SMBN, urease, neutral phosphatase activities were showed an “N” type trend and reached to peak at the jointing stage. The sucrase activity was gradually increased with the growth stage. In 0-20 cm soil layer, the contents of AN, AP and AK under DT-SRT-RT treatment at the jointing stage were significantly higher than that under other treatments, and the highest value were 91.74 mg·kg-1, 27.17 mg·kg-1 and 139.81 mg·kg-1, respectively. The AN and AP were significantly affected by rotation tillage patterns and soil depths. While the AK was affected by wheat growth stages, soil layers, and rotation tillage patterns, but the interaction among them was not obvious. During the whole growth period, compared with RT-RT-RT, in 0-40 cm soil layer, the SMBC and SMBN content under DT-RT-RT and DT-SRT-RT treatments were higher. The DT-SRT-RT treatment could significantly increase the activities of soil urease, invertase and neutral phosphatase, and their growth rates were between 3.79%-27.69%, 12.29%-36.10% and 8.61%-35.91%, respectively. In the whole wheat growth period, the soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were significantly affected by different soil depth and rotation tillage mode, but the interaction between them on SMBN content, invertase, and neutral phosphatase activity was not significant. The wheat yield under the other treatments in 2019 was higher than that under RT-RT-RT, and the highest one was 6 557 kg·hm-2 under DT-SRT-RT.【Conclusion】During this experimental period, in Fluvo-aquic soil in Huang-Huai Plain, the DT-SRT-RT treatment had the best effect on improving available nutrients contents, SMBC, SMBN, and soil enzyme activity, thereby further ensuring the high yield of wheat. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of Organic Nitrogen Mineralization in Paddy Soil with Different Reclamation Years in Black Soil of Northeast China GAO JiaRui, FANG ShengZhi, ZHANG YuLing, AN Jing, YU Na, ZOU HongTao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2022, 55 (8): 1579-1588.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.08.009 Abstract （286）   HTML （27）    PDF （524KB）（97）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to analyze the mineralized nitrogen (N) content, net N mineralized rate and net N mineralized ratio (the ratio of mineralized N to total N) in paddy soil with different reclamation years in black soil, and to explore the soil N supply capacity and its characteristics, and to reveal the soil N evolution law, so as to provide the theoretical basis for rational utilization and fertilization of black soil in Northeast China.【Method】 The natural wasteland (0 years, as the control soil, original natural meadow vegetation) and paddy soils with different reclamation years (12, 35, 62 and 85 a) (topography and cropping system, fertilization, and water management, roughly the same) in black soil region were selected as the research object, and the characteristics of soil organic N mineralization after cultivated rice form natural wasteland in black soil were studied by the water-logged incubation method.【Result】 During the early stages of incubation (about 1 month), the cumulative mineralized N increased rapidly in each year, then showed a slow increase trend. At the end of incubation (297 d), the cumulative mineralized N ranged from 212.43 to 388.11 mg·kg-1, and the order of cumulative mineralized N was 0, 12, 35, 85 and 62 a. The mineralization process of soil organic N could be well described by a hybrid model (Special model), and the soil organic N pools could be divided into the increment N pool (the N pool made available after a drying and rewetting event) and the resistant N pool. Compared with the control soil (0 a), the potentially mineralisable N (NF) of the increment N pool in all paddy soils showed a decreasing trend in each year. There was no significant difference between paddy soils of 12 and 35 years, as well as 62 and 85 years, but the NF in paddy soils of 12 and 35 years were significantly higher than that of 62 and 85 years (P<0.05). The rate constant (kF) of mineralization of the increment N pool in paddy soils all showed an upward trend, but there was no significant difference between kF of all paddy soils in each year (P>0.05). Compared with the control soil (0 a), the rate constant (k0) of mineralization of the resistant N pool in paddy soils of 12 and 35 years did not change significantly (P>0.05), but k0 in 62 and 85 years decreased significantly (P<0.05). The net N mineralization rate of the soils in each year were the largest at 4 days of incubation, and then decreased gradually. At the end of water-logged incubation (297 d), the order of the soil net N mineralization rate was consistent with that of the cumulative mineralization N. The net N mineralized ratio was relatively high at the beginning of incubation, and then increased slowly. At the end of incubation (297 d), the net N mineralized ratio ranged from 78.60 to 101.82 mg·g-1, and the order was 0, 35, 12, 85 and 62 a. Soil total N and C/N were important factors affecting the amount of mineralization N and the net N mineralization rate in paddy soils with different reclamation years (P<0.05). The sum of initial mineral N and NF could be used to characterize the N supply capacity of paddy soil in rice growing season; compared with the control soil (0 a), the N supply capacity of paddy soil in each year decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the soils of 12 and 35 years were significantly higher than that of 62 and 85 years (P<0.05).【Conclusion】 During 85 years of rice cultivation from natural wasteland in black soil, the N supply capacity in paddy soil have declined, and the decline was significant after 35 years rice cultivation. Therefore, the improvement of soil organic matter content should be paid attention in the soil fertility cultivation in paddy fields. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Annual Nutrients Balance and Economic Return Analysis of Wheat with Fertilizers Reduction and Different Rotations MA XiaoYan, YANG Yu, HUANG DongLin, WANG ZhaoHui, GAO YaJun, LI YongGang, LÜ Hui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2022, 55 (8): 1589-1603.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.08.010 Abstract （321）   HTML （43）    PDF （590KB）（214）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The present study aimed to investigate the soil nutrients balance and economic benefits of different rotations with optimal chemical fertilizer application for wheat production, with the purpose of selecting a proper rotation for wheat production with lower fertilizer application and improvement of economic return for local farmers.【Method】The field experiments with randomized block design were carried out in Wugong county from 2018 to 2020, including four treatments: maize-wheat rotation with farmer accustomed fertilization (CWF), maize-wheat rotation with recommended fertilization (CWR), green manure-wheat rotation (GWR), and soybean-wheat rotation (BWR). Except for treatment of CWF, the fertilizers of rest three treatments were calculated according to the method of soil testing and determining fertilizer recommendations (STDFR). The plants tissues and soil with different depth were sampled for nutrients analysis.【Result】Compared with CWF, with 11.8% reduction of nitrogen and 41.7% reduction of phosphorus, the CWR treatment significantly increased wheat yield, with an average increase of 7.4%, and significantly increased the nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of wheat grain and aboveground shoot, with the nitrogen increase of 10.1% and 8.9% respectively, and the phosphorus increase of 9.8% and 6.4%, respectively. CWR treatment decreased the surplus rate of soil N, P and K by 25.1%, 72.3% and 54.4%, respectively, and increased the economic benefit by 36%. Among three different rotation, CWR rotation had the highest wheat yield, followed by soybean wheat rotation and green manure wheat rotation. GWR rotation had the lowest surplus ratio of NPK among three treatment with optimal fertilizer application, which was significantly lower than that of CWR and GWR rotation, with the decrease range of 87.3%-92.0%, 41.9%-67.7%, and 78.1%-85.3%, respectively, and obtained the highest economic return.【Conclusion】Fertilization recommendation by monitoring soil nutrients techniques could not only decrease fertilizer input and production cost, but also increase wheat yield, increase nutrient uptake of wheat grain, reduce surplus rate of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient balance, and thus improve economic benefits. Compared with maize-wheat rotation, the soybean-wheat rotation not only reduced the input of chemical fertilizer, significantly reduced the surplus of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but also achieved higher economic benefits. In conclusion, it was recommended that the fertilizers application rates should be optimized for maize-wheat rotation in Guanzhong Plain. However, taking into account of economic return and ecological benefit, the soybean-wheat rotation was prior choice for the purpose of decreasing soil nutrients surplus and enhancing the economic return of farmers. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Drip Fertigation Mode on Maize Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Economic Benefit LI Qian, QIN YuBo, YIN CaiXia, KONG LiLi, WANG Meng, HOU YunPeng, SUN Bo, ZHAO YinKai, XU Chen, LIU ZhiQuan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2022, 55 (8): 1604-1616.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.08.011 Abstract （406）   HTML （38）    PDF （529KB）（222）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 To study the effects of different drip fertigation modes on maize yield, nutrient absorption, soil nitrogen balance, water use efficiency and economic benefits, in order to provide a theoretical basis for drip irrigation maize production in semi-arid area of Jilin province.【Method】Field experiment was carried out in Minle Village of Jilin Province for 2018-2019. Five treatments were set up: drip fertigation with plastic film (DFM), shallow buried drip fertigation (DF), shallow buried drip fertigation urea (DIU), shallow buried drip irrigation (DI), and farmer practices (FP). We collected plant samples at jointing stage, bell stage, silking stage, filling stage and mature stage, divided into stem, leaf and grain parts, measured the shoot dry matter weight and the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. Based on these data, the nutrient absorption were calculated or evaluated. The soil samples from 0-100 cm soil depth were respectively collected before sowing and after harvest of maize to study soil nitrogen balance．The soil samples from 0-200 cm soil depth were respectively collected before sowing and after harvest of maize to study water use efficiency.【Result】The maize yield of drip fertigation treatments (DFM, DF, DIU and DI) were higher than farmers' conventional treatment 10.3%-20.6%, the rate of yield increase in the dry year (2018) (13.7%-27.9%) was higher than that in the rainy year (2019) (7.2%-13.7%), meanwhile, the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in mature stage was increased by 15.7%-31.7%（P<0.05）, 11.0%-35.6% (P<0.05) and 5.2%-20.9%, especially increased the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake after silking by 63.1%-95.2% (P<0.05), 11.6%-63.0% and 40.0%-110.0% (P<0.05); it also significantly increased the water use efficiency (WUE) by 21.8%-33.9% and decreased the apparent nitrogen loss by 13.8%-92.0%. Compared with shallow buried drip fertigation (DF), DFM treatment increased the yield and water use efficiency in dry years, but differences were not significant in rainy years, DFM treatment significantly reduced soil nitrogen apparent loss by 74.2%, but there was no significant difference in net income between in two treatments, and the benefit/cost ratio of DFM treatment was lower than that of DF treatment significantly. Under shallow buried drip irrigation, there were no significant differences in maize yield, nitrogen apparent loss and water use efficiency between DF and DIU treatments. However, the accumulation of dry matter and P and K in DF treatment at mature stage were significantly higher than those in DIU treatment. There was no significant difference between DF treatment and DIU treatment in net income and benefit/cost ratio. The maize yield of DI treatment was 13.7% higher than that of FP treatment in dry years, but not significantly in rainy years. It also significantly increased N and P accumulation at mature stage and N and K accumulation after silking. The net income of DI treatment was not significantly different from that of FP treatment, but the ratio of production and input was significantly lower than that of FP treatment.【Conclusion】Drip fertigation mode could increase maize yield, N, P and K accumulation and water use efficiency, and reduce N apparent loss in semi-arid areas, and the effect was significant in dry years. The advantage of DFM treatment were greater than DF, but the benefit/cost ratio was lower than DF. There was no significant difference in the yield, nutrient uptake and water use efficiency, net income and the benefit/cost ratio between shallow buried drip fertigation urea technology and shallow buried drip fertigation technology, the low cost DIU treatment simplified the production process, and also had the obvious effect on increasing grain yield. In conclusion, shallow buried drip fertigation urea mode was suitable for the current situation of maize production in semi-arid area of Jilin Province. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Crop Residue Decomposition on Soil Inorganic Nitrogen and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fluvo-Aquic Soil and Shajiang Black Soil ZHANG XueLin, WU Mei, HE TangQing, ZHANG ChenXi, TIAN MingHui, LI XiaoLi, HOU XiaoPan, HAO XiaoFeng, YANG QingHua, LI ChaoHai Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2022, 55 (4): 729-742.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.04.009 Abstract （433）   HTML （47）    PDF （1636KB）（174）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of crop residue decomposition on soil available nitrogen (N) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, and provide a theoretical basis for reasonable N fertilizer rate in agricultural soils to promote residue decomposition, to increase soil available nutrients, and to reduce N2O emissions. 【Method】The indoor soil incubations with nylon decomposition bag were conducted to study the effects of crop residue types (wheat and maize), soil types (fluvo-aquic soil: AS and Shajiang black soil: LS) and N fertilizer rates (N0: 0; N1: 180 kg N·hm-2; N2: 360 kg N·hm-2) on soil N2O emission. A control (CK) without residue addition and N fertilizer input was also established for the two soil types. Inorganic N content, N2O and CO2 flux, and soil enzyme activity were measured in incubated soil. 【Result】Compared with CK, soil inorganic N content under N0 decreased significantly, which was decreased by 0.8 mg·g-1 for 1 g wheat residue addition or 0.4 mg·g-1 for 1 g maize residue addition. Compared with AS, soil inorganic N content in LS reduced by 16% with wheat residue addition, by 41% with maize residue addition. Compared with wheat residue addition, soil inorganic N content in AS and LS increased by 111% and 252% with maize residue addition, respectively. Compared with CK, both soil N2O and CO2 flux increased with wheat residue or maize residue addition, and the total accumulation of soil N2O flux under N0 treatment increased by 70% and 47% with wheat residue and maize residue addition, by 346% and 154% for CO2 accumulation, and by 53% and 71% for global warming potential, respectively. Compared with AS, soil N2O flux in LS reduced by 38% and 61% with wheat residue and maize residue addition, by 12% and 51% for the accumulation of N2O flux, and by 28% and 16% for the accumulation of CO2 flux, respectively. And the global warming potential in LS increased by 13% with the wheat residue addition in comparison with that in AS, while declined by 44% with maize residue addition. Compared with wheat residue addition, the accumulation of soil N2O flux with maize residue addition increased by 88% in AS, and by 6% in LS, and reduced by 21% and 6% for the accumulation of soil CO2 flux in AS and LS, respectively. And the global warming potential with maize residue addition was 91% higher than that of wheat residue addition under the conditions of different N fertilizer rates and soil types. Compared with N0 and N2, soil N2O flux and their global warming potential under N1 treatment reduced significantly with wheat residue or maize residue addition in LS. Compared with CK, soil invertase activity increased with wheat residue or maize residue addition in both AS and LS, while which declined for soil Catalase and O2 content. Compared with wheat residue addition, soil urease activity, Catalase, and invertase activities declined with maize residue addition. Compared with AS, soil urease and catalase activities in LS reduced with wheat residue or maize residue addition, while soil O2 content increased. The catalase activities and O2 content was significantly and negatively related with soil N2O flux. 【Conclusion】The decomposition of wheat residue and maize residue reduced soil inorganic N content while increasing soil N2O flux. Soil inorganic N content and N2O flux with maize residue addition were higher than that of wheat residue. Emissions of N2O from Fluvo-aquic soil with wheat or maize residue addition was higher than that from Shajiang black soil. When combined with suitable N fertilizer rate, neither residues additions in Shajiang black soil increased N2O flux and global warming potential. These results suggested that, in the field, comprehensive management methods by returning residue to soil should consider the residue type, soil type and rate of N fertilization. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Combined Foliar Application of Zinc with Imidacloprid on Zinc Enrichment and Protein Components Content in Wheat Grain LI YaFei, SHI JiangLan, WU TianQi, WANG ShaoXia, LI YuNuo, QU ChunYan, LIU CongHui, NING Peng, TIAN XiaoHong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2022, 55 (3): 514-528.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.03.008 Abstract （352）   HTML （23）    PDF （605KB）（106）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined foliar application of zinc (Zn) and pesticide on Zn concentration, protein components content, and the estimated Zn bioavailability intake (TAZ) in whole grain and flour of wheat plants, and to clarify the possible reasons for the differences in Zn enrichment. This study was conducted to provide a basis and highly cost-effective approach for grain Zn fortification agronomic strategies in wheat plants. 【Method】 The consecutive two-season field experiments were conducted during 2016 and 2018 with six treatments, i.e., foliar application of distilled water (CK), 0.1% imidacloprid (P), 0.4% ZnSO4·7H2O (Zn), 0.23% glycine zinc (Gly-Zn, GZn), ZnSO4·7H2O+imidacloprid (ZnP), glycine zinc+imidacloprid (GZnP). The concentration of Zn, protein, protein components, and phytic acid in whole grain, flour, and bran were determined, and the TAZ was calculated. 【Result】 There was no significant difference in grain yield among different treatments. But, the grain Zn uptake and Zn concentration substantially increased in whole grain, flour and bran by foliar spray of Zn. Compared with CK, the foliar Zn application alone resulted in a 71% and 120% increase of Zn concentration in flour in 2017 and 2018, respectively; the foliar spray of Zn plus imidacloprid resulted in a 103% and 127% increase in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Compared with foliar Zn application alone, foliar spray of Zn plus imidacloprid did not affect the Zn enrichment in wheat, and the Zn concentration was increased in whole grain and flour. Compared with the foliar application of Gly-Zn, the foliar application of ZnSO4·7H2O significantly enhanced grain Zn concentration, while the Zn concentration was the highest in whole grain and flour within foliar ZnP application. A positive correlation was found between Zn concentration and the concentration of protein, gliadin and glutenin in whole grain and flour, respectively. The Zn plus imidacloprid treatment increased the protein concentration in whole grain and flour. Compared with CK, foliar application of ZnP and GZnP resulted in a 19% and 20% increase of protein concentration in flour during 2016 and 2018. There was no significant difference in the albumin and globulin content in whole grain and flour among different treatments. The contents of gliadin and glutenin in whole grain and flour were significantly increased by foliar application of ZnP and GZnP. Foliar Zn application obviously improved grain Zn bioavailability, and the Zn bioavailability was the highest in whole grain and flour under foliar ZnP application treatment.【Conclusion】 The ZnSO4·7H2O plus imidacloprid treatment significantly increased the concentration of Zn, protein, gliadin, and glutenin and Zn bioavailability in whole grain and flour. Therefore, combining foliar application of Zn and neonicotinoid insecticide could enhance protein concentration and further improve Zn concentration and Zn bioavailability in wheat grain, so this was an effective and useful practice to overcome human Zn deficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Long-Term Nitrogen Application on Ammonia Oxidizer Communities for Nitrification in Acid Purple Soil ZOU WenXin, SU WeiHua, CHEN YuanXue, CHEN XinPing, LANG Ming Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2022, 55 (3): 529-542.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.03.009 Abstract （422）   HTML （37）    PDF （2732KB）（174）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of long-term nitrogen (N) application on the community characteristics of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in acid purple soil, and to reveal the driving factors of ammonia oxidizer communities and the microbial mechanism to regulate nitrification.【Method】 Relying on the long-term gradient N fertilization maize field experiment in Sichuan (beginning in 2010), the treatments included five N supply levels: 0 (N0), 90 (N90), 180 (N180), 270 (N270) and 360 (N360) kg N·hm-2. Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine the communities of AOA and AOB, so as to explore the effect of long-term gradient N application on the nitrification mediated by ammonia oxidizer communities. 【Result】 Long-term N application affected the α-diversity (including sobs index and Shannon-Wiener index), community structure and community composition of AOA and AOB. As N application rate increased, the sobs index of AOA did not change significantly, while the Shannon-Wiener index of AOA decreased significantly, however, both the sobs index and Shannon-Wiener index of AOB increased significantly; long-term gradient N fertilization significantly affected the community structure of AOA and AOB. The relative abundance of the dominant AOB groups named Nitrosospira Cluster 3a.1 significantly reduced while Cluster 3a.2, Cluster 9 and Cluster 1 significantly increased with the increased of the N application (P<0.05); there were no obvious rules for the relative abundance of the dominant AOA group named clade A. pH, TN, SOM, NH4+-N and NO3--N all significantly affected the α-diversity of AOA and AOB. pH was significantly negatively correlated with AOB sobs index and Shannon-Wiener index, and significantly positively correlated with AOA Shannon-Wiener index. TN, SOM, NH4+-N and NO3--N were significantly positively correlated with the AOB sobs index and Shannon-Wiener index, and were significantly negatively correlated with the AOA Shannon-Wiener index. Meanwhile, pH, TN, NO3--N, SOM, NH4+-N significantly affected the community structure of AOA and AOB (P<0.05). Moreover, the results of structural equation modeling (SEM) comprehensively showed that long-term gradient N application reduced pH, increased the TN and NO3--N content, and affected the α-diversity and community structure of AOA and AOB, which indirectly increased soil PNR. 【Conclusion】 Long-term N application affected the soil PNR by changing the soil pH, TN, SOM, NH4+-N, NO3--N, the α-diversity and community structure of ammonia oxidizers. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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