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Screening for Germplasms Tolerant to Salt at Germination Stage and Response of Protective Enzymes to Salt Stress in Foxtail Millet QIN Ling, ZHANG YanTing, CHEN ErYing, YANG YanBing, LI FeiFei, GUAN YanAn Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2019, 52 (22): 4027-4038.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.22.008 Abstract （384）   HTML （20）    PDF （1691KB）（310）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The purpose of this study was to select germplasms tolerant to salt at germination stage, to establish an evaluation criterion for salt tolerance, and to investigate the effect of salt stress on protective enzyme system of different genotypes of foxtail millet at seedling stage. The results could propose an identification method and excellent genetic resources for research on salt-tolerant mechanisms of foxtail millet.【Method】54 foxtail millet varieties from different eco-regions were applied as experimental materials. Salt stress was implemented by adding 1.5% NaCl solution, and distilled water was used as the control. A petri dish based germination method was used to assess the salt tolerance of foxtail millet varieties in artificial climate incubator. Six salt-tolerant indexes were investigated in each treatment, including relative germination potential, relative germination rate, relative coleoptile length, relative radical root length, relative radical root / coleoptiles, and relative salt damage rate. A comprehensive analysis of the salt tolerance of different varieties was conducted via correlation analysis, principal component analysis and clustering analysis. Furthermore, pot experiment was conducted to cultivate selected varieties with different salt tolerance under both salt stress and normal conditions, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity in shoot were analyzed. And then the differences of physiological responses between those genotypes under salt stress were analyzed.【Result】Under salt stress of 1.5% NaCl , a significant positive correlation was detected between relative germination potential and relative germination(r=0.51, P<0.01) and relative coleoptile length (r=0.54, P<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between relative coleoptile length and relative radical root length (r=0.64, P<0.01), while the relative salt damage rate showed a significant negative correlation with relative germination rate (r=-0.37, P<0.01) and relative coleoptile length (r=-0.51, P<0.01). Principal component analysis transformed the six single indexes in the salt-stressed germination stage of foxtail millet to three independent comprehensive indexes. Subordinate function analysis was conducted to obtain the comprehensive assessment value (D-value) of salt tolerance of different varieties at germination stage. 54 foxtail millet varieties were classified into five salt tolerant types based on clustering analysis, including extremely salt sensitive, salt sensitive, moderate salt tolerance, salt tolerance and high salt tolerance. The varieties with high salt tolerance were Yangu 13, Longgu 3 from spring sowing region of northwest China, and Jigu 16, Ai88 from summer sowing region of north China. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT were increased and then decreased under salt stress condition. SOD, POD, and CAT in shoot increased in response to salt stress, and the activity of those enzymes in Jigu 16 was significantly higher than that in Lugu 1.【Conclusion】Remarkable variations in salt tolerance were detected among the 54 genotypes of foxtail millet. The systematical and clear results can be obtained by membership function analysis, and the salt tolerance of foxtail millet can be evaluated objectively and comprehensively. The leaf protective enzymes are important for the adaptability of foxtail millet to salt stress in seedling stage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Identification and Classification Index for Drought Resistance at Middle and Late Growth Stage in Grain Sorghum Germplasms WANG YuBin, PING JunAi, NIU Hao, CHU JianQiang, DU ZhiHong, Lü Xin, LI HuiMing, ZHANG FuYao Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2019, 52 (22): 4039-4049.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.22.009 Abstract （302）   HTML （22）    PDF （5908KB）（303）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Sorghum is the fifth largest cereal crop in the world, which has a variety of usages. Compared with other crops, sorghum has a strong drought resistance, drought has become one of the main restricting factors in sorghum (especially grain sorghum) production, with the intensification of the global drought. Through drought resistance identification and classification index evaluation of grain sorghum materials were carried out in order to lay foundations for future studies on molecular mechanism of and breeding for drought resistance in sorghum. 【Method】 With 165 grain sorghum accessions as the experimental materials, drought resistance experiments with two treatments, drought (DS) and normal irrigation (NI), were carried out in the fields in Shanxi and Hainan provinces. Eight morphological traits, including plant height, panicle length, stem diameter, leaf greenness, lodging rate, 1000-grain weight, grain size and yield, were investigated. Cluster analysis was carried out by using three methods: Comprehensive Drought Tolerance Coefficient (CDTC), Drought Resistance Index(DI) and membership function(D).【Result】 Under drought stress, all 8 morphological indexes of grain sorghum decreased. Except that leaf greenness was not correlated with plant height and grain size, and lodging resistance was not correlated with panicle length and grain size, all the other indicators were correlated to some extent. Five high-resistant accessions (L013, SX44B, sx18-25, sx18-87 and L405) and 4 sensitive accessions (sx18-46, sx18-82, sx18-96 and sx18-73) were selected according to the three comprehensive drought resistance evaluation methods; According to the relative value and variation coefficient of morphological indicators, the experiments in both places showed that the stay-green, yield, grain size and lodging resistance were sensitive to drought, and there was overlapped information among the four indicators. According to the principal component analysis, yield, plant height and grain size were the main factors determining the first principal component, and the contribution rate was 31.841%; The greenness of the leaves and thousand-grain weight were the main factors determining the second principal component, and the contribution rate was 20.441%; Stem thickness were the main factors determining the third principal component, the contribution rate was 13.557%; the main factors determining the lodging resistance of the fourth principal component, the contribution rate was 11.428% ; The fifth principal component was spike length, the contribution rate was 9.461%. 【Conclusion】 It was found that drought stress at the middle and late growth stages had significant effects on the main morphological indicators of grain sorghum. There existed significant difference among accessions in drought resistance. Combined with three comprehensive evaluation methods of drought resistance, the drought resistance of sorghum accessions could be evaluated more accurately. Two traits stay green and yield could can be used as main morphological indicators to evaluate drought resistance of sorghum after flowering. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Variation and Comprehensive Evaluation of Salt and Alkali Tolerance of Different Foxtail Millet Cultivars Under Production Conditions CHEN ErYing, QIN Ling, YANG YanBing, LI FeiFei, WANG RunFeng, ZHANG HuaWen, WANG HaiLian, LIU Bin, KONG QingHua, GUAN YanAn Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2019, 52 (22): 4050-4065.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.22.010 Abstract （241）   HTML （20）    PDF （927KB）（253）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of the experiment was to identify variation of salt and alkali tolerance of different foxtail millet cultivars under saline-alkali soil and normal soil, and to develop identification method and index. 【Method】In this study, 8 newly developed elite foxtail millet cultivars in summer sowing region were used to explore the differences of salt and alkali tolerance among cultivars on saline-alkali soil and normal soil.【Result】The results showed that there was significant yield differences among cultivars at saline-alkali and control conditions, and the variable coefficients were 13.0% and 39.1%, respectively. Yields of 8 foxtail millet cultivars were reduced in different degree in saline-alkali soil compared with control. The range of yield salt injury rate among cultivars was 20.7%-63.4% and variable coefficient was 48.4%. There existed reduction in weight per panicle, grain weight per panicle, thousand seed weight, plant height, SPAD, shoot biomass and yield index of all cultivars in saline-alkali soil compared with control. Assimilate translocation amount pre-anthesis (ATAPA) was increased by 34.4% and accumulated assimilate amount post-anthesis (AAAPA) was reduced by 42.7% in saline-alkali soil compared with control. There had significantly positive correlation between salt injury rate of yield and contribution rate of accumulated assimilate post-anthesis to grain (CRAAPA) (R=0.859), and had significantly negative correlation between salt injury rate of yield and weight per panicle (R=0.859), grain weight per panicle (R=0.859), shoot biomass (R=-0.895), ATAPA (R=-0.935), assimilate translocation rate pre-anthesis (ATRPA) (R=-0.880), contribution rate of translocated assimilate pre-anthesis to grain (CRTAPA) (R=-0.859), AAAPA (R=-0.909) and shoot water content at anthesis (R=-0.834). Weight per panicle, grain weight per panicle, shoot biomass and shoot water content were screened as salt and alkali tolerant indexes from principal component analysis, Jigu21 and Jigu22 were screened as high salt and alkali tolerant cultivars from principal component analysis and membership function.【Conclusion】8 foxtail millet cultivars had different salt and alkali tolerance in saline-alkali soil, and Jigu22 and Jigu21 were selected as the strong salt and alkali tolerant cultivars. Weight per panicle, grain weight per panicle, shoot biomass and shoot water content at anthesis were screened as salt and alkali tolerance indexes. ATAPA was increased and AAAPA was reduced in saline-alkali soil compared with control, and salt injury rate of yield negatively correlated with ATAPA and shoot water content at anthesis, which showed that improving shoot water content at anthesis and the contribution rate of translocated assimilate pre-anthesis to yield were important approaches to increase foxtail millet grain yield on saline-alkali soil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Salt-Tolerance Evaluation and Physiological Response of Salt Stress of Broomcorn Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) YUAN YuHao, YANG QingHua, DANG Ke, YANG Pu, GAO JinFeng, GAO XiaoLi, WANG PengKe, LU Ping, LIU MinXuan, FENG BaiLi Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2019, 52 (22): 4066-4078.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.22.011 Abstract （388）   HTML （35）    PDF （5899KB）（281）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 To evaluate the tolerance of broomcorn millet cultivars to salt stress, explore the physiological responses of different salt-tolerant broomcorn millet to salt stress, and establish the salt tolerance identification index system of broomcorn millet, the salt tolerance of broomcorn millet was studied. 【Method】 The growth parameters of 100 genotypes of broomcorn millet at germination stage and the physiological parameters of different salt-tolerant broomcorn millet at seedling stage were measured under salt stress. The tolerance of each variety to salt stress was evaluated by correlation analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and physiological responses to salt stress. 【Result】 the results showed that the measured values of each shoot in the germination stage under 1% NaCl solution stress were lower than that of the control. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation in the different germination indexes, and there was a significant negative correlation with the relative salt damage rate. The principal component analysis results showed root fresh weight, germination index and germination rate were the larger load in germination factors and these indexes were considered as the main indexes to identify salt tolerance of broomcorn millet germination. The 100 broomcorn millet cultivars were sorted four groups according to the cluster analysis. The cluster analysis results showed eleven cultivars such as Yixuandahongmi, Wujushu, Baishu etc. were classified into salt-tolerant cultivar group, four cultivars including Humengheinianmi, Xiaoheishu, Linheshuanglishu, and Shaan78 were classified into salt sensitive group. There were great differences between salt tolerant cultivars and salt sensitive cultivars in morphological structure and physiological indexes. The scanning electron microscope results showed salt bladders appeared on the surface of salt-tolerant cultivars, the stomatal aperture size was barely changed. The salt-sensitive cultivar showed the stomata were closed in salt-sensitive broomcorn millet cultivar, and the surface of the leaf become rough, and the guard cells death occurred. With the increase of treatment time, the salt tolerant cultivar chloroplast changed from ellipsoid to spherical and starch granules increase, membrane disrupted, grana lamella arranged loosely, the thylakoids swollen and even disintegrate. With the days of salt stress increasing, the relative conductivity were increased. However, the relative conductivity in salt-tolerant broomcorn millet cultivar were lower than salt-sensitive broomcorn millet cultivar. The decreasing of Fv/Fm、Y(Ⅱ) and NPQ in salt-tolerant broomcorn millet cultivar were less than salt-sensitive broomcorn millet cultivar. 【Conclusion】 1% NaCl solution could be used as the suitable concentration of salt tolerance in broomcorn millet. The results showed that salt tolerance evaluation of broomcorn millet was affected with multiple indexes, and root fresh weight, germination index and germination rate could be used as the evaluation indexes of salt tolerance in germination stage. Stomatal state and chloroplast structures could be used as the cytology indexes of salt tolerance evaluation. The relative conductivity and chlorophyll fluorescence coefficient could be used as the physiology indexes of salt tolerance evaluation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Sorghum Accessions Resistance Against Colletotrichum sublineolum and Relationship Between Severity and Yield Loss on Sorghum XU Jing,JIANG Yu,HU Lan,LIU KeJie,XU XiuDe Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2019, 52 (22): 4079-4087.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.22.012 Abstract （249）   HTML （12）    PDF （1353KB）（195）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Base on the new problems of sorghum anthracnose (Colletotrichum sublineolum) prevalent recent years in sorghum production, screening sorghum disease-resistant resources under artificial inoculation conditions was carried out with the purpose of use host resistance to control the disease. The results of this study were expected to provide scientific basis and guidance for sorghum anthracnose resistance breeding and yield loss assessment in the field. 【Method】 During the year of 2016 and 2017, 74 sorghum accessions from home and abroad were identified for disease resistance by artificial inoculation with pathogen isolate of C. sublineolum (SY-1). Twenty accessions with different rating scale were used as test materials to determine yield losses caused by anthracnose diseases under artificial inoculation. The relationship between rating scale (severity) of disease and the main yield traits of sorghum was clarified by using the method of correlation analysis. 【Result】 The results showed that there were 21 accessions rated as highly resistant (HR) and accounted for 28.38% of the total of 74 sorghum accessions, 12 accessions rated as resistant (R) and accounted for 16.22%, 26 accessions rated as moderate resistant (MR) and accounted for 35.14%, 8 accessions rated as susceptibility (S) and accounted for 10.81%, and 7 accessions rated as high susceptibility (HS) and accounted for 9.46% of the total accessions. The relationship between the severity of disease and yield loss was clarified. The results showed that 1000-grain weight and grain weight per panicle of sorghum are significantly affected by sorghum anthracnose. The reduction of grain weight per panicle between 1- 9 grade diseased plants was 0.37%-78.00%, and the reduction of 1000-grain weight was 0.03%-44.43%. Correlation analysis showed that both of grain weight per panicle and 1000-grain weight had an exponential relationship with the rating scale of disease. The reduction rate of grain weight per panicle and 1000-grain weight of sorghum rise significantly with the increase of rating scale of disease, and the rise of reduction rate of grain weight per panicle is more rapid than that of 1000-grain weight. There was a close relationship between the severity and symptoms of disease. Accessions rated as HR showed symptoms of red spots on inoculated leaves, but no acervuli in the lesions and R accessions showed small circular to oval spots and acervuli development. MR accessions showed symptoms of abundant circular to oval spots on inoculated leaves and black acervuli development and some lesions also appear on panicle-stalk. S accessions showed circular to oval and long strip spots on inoculated leaves with abundant black acervuli development. Lesions on panicle-stalk were visible and part of leaves wilt and some diseased plants were died. On the HS accessions lesions join to cover a large proportion of the leaf and panicle-stalk surface with abundant black acervuli. Most leaves of diseased plants wilt and the whole plants were near death. 【Conclusion】 In this study, 21 accessions with highly resistant (HR) were screened. Both of grain weight per panicle and 1000-grain weight had an exponential relationship with the rating scale of the disease, and with the increase of rating scale, the loss rate of grain weight per panicle and 1000-grain weight of sorghum were increased correspondingly. In addition, the disease symptoms of sorghum anthracnose were obviously different with disease rating scale. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Population Structure and Association Analysis of Main Agronomic Traits of Shanxi Core Collection in Foxtail Millet WANG HaiGang,WEN QiFen,MU ZhiXin,QIAO ZhiJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2019, 52 (22): 4088-4099.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.22.013 Abstract （334）   HTML （16）    PDF （2476KB）（318）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study is to detect the SSR markers associated with agronomic trait and analyze genetic diversity and genetic structure of foxtail millet landrace in Shanxi province. The results will be helpful for hybridization combination of parent materials and molecular marker assisted breeding.【Method】96 SSR markers on 9 chromosomes were genome-wide screened for polymorphism in core collection of 595 accessions. PowerMarker 3.25 software was used to estimate the polymorphism information of population. Population structure was analyzed using STRUCTURE 2.3.4 software. Then the data were associated with 96 SSR markers by GLM (general linear model, Q) and MLM (mixed linear model, Q+K).【Result】Totally 828 alleles were found with 96 SSR markers and 8.6 alleles were revealed with each marker in average ranged from 2-26. The gene diversity was from 0.005 to 0.941, averagely 0.610. The polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.005 to 0.938 with the mean of 0.577. Heterozygosity per locus on average was 0.016, ranging from 0 to 0.050. All the 595 accessions were divided into three subgroups by analysis of population genetic structure. There was linkage disequilibrium (LD) among linked loci and unlinked loci pairs, and 1 955 out of 4 560 loci pairs (42.9%) had significant LD (P < 0.01) with average D′ value of 0.23. A total of 12 locus found by GLM method significantly at the level of P<0.01 which explained 2.34%-13.94% of the phenotypic variance and the mean value was 6.33%. CAAS2050 (R 2=13.94%) and B153(R 2=11.36%) kept the max value. Meanwhile, 9 loci were found by MLM method significantly at the level of P<0.01 which explained 2.80%-9.22% of the phenotypic variance and the mean value was 5.16%. P89(R 2=9.22%) and P3*(R 2=8.28%) kept the max value. A total of 7 loci were detected in common by GLM and MLM. 【Conclusion】Genetic diversity and population structure of 595 accessions were analyzed through SSR markers. In the two association analysis models, 12 markers were associated with nine traits including stem node number, plant height, peduncle length, diameter of main stem, panicle length, panicle diameter, primary branch number per panicle, spikelet number per primary branch, protein content by GLM. Nine markers were associated with eight traits including stem node number, peduncle length, leaf width, diameter of main stem, panicle diameter, primary branch number per panicle, spikelet number per primary branch, 1000-grain weight by MLM. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Diversity of Common Millet Resources Assessed with EST-SSR Markers SHI TianTian, HE JieLi, GAO ZhiJun, CHEN Ling, WANG HaiGang, QIAO ZhiJun, WANG RuiYun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2019, 52 (22): 4100-4109.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.22.014 Abstract （242）   HTML （17）    PDF （3288KB）（283）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study is to analyze the genetic diversity and relationship of common millet accessions (six different ecotopes at home and abroad) by microsatellite markers, to provide available data for classification, selection and utilization of elite germplasm resources. 【Method】 One hundred and forty-four SSRs (64 high motif nucleotide sequence repeat and 80 low ones) are used to identify polymorphisms in ninety-six common millet accessions (71 home accessions and 25 abroad accessions). Genetic diversity parameters were calculated using software PowerMarker 3.25 and PopGen 1.32. Genetic distance and Structure on accessions were classified with software MEGA 5.0 and Structure 2.2, respectively. PCA (principal component analysis) was conducted by software Ntsys 2.11. 【Result】 Using 144 EST-SSR markers, a total of 368 observed alleles (Na) were detected with 2-3 alleles (mean = 2.5556) per locus. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.4070 (RYW15) to 0.9789 ( RYW85) with an average of 0.8288. The expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.4369 ( RYW59) to 0.6693 ( RYW58) with an average of 0.5535. The Nei's gene diversity index ranged from 0.4344 (RYW59) to 0.6653 (RYW58) with a mean of 0.5505. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.1811 (RYW68) to 0.7508 (RYW58) with an average of 0.4279. The Shannon diversity index (I) range was 0.6474 to 1.0956 with an average of 0.8415. In the case of genetic diversity parameters, the PIC and I of common millet accessions from Northern spring-sowing region were the most abundant than that of others. On the contrary, the accessions from Northwest spring & summer-sowing region were the lowest. For the different geographical regions accessions, the range of genetic distance was 0.0111 to 0.1425 and the scope of genetic consistency was 0.8672 to 0.9889. The genetic distance of accessions between Loess Plateau spring & summer-sowing region and Northern spring-sowing region was the least and their genetic consistency was the highest. The genetic distance between Northwest spring & summer-sowing region and North of China summer-sowing region was the largest and their genetic consistency was the lowest. UPGMA analysis divided 96 accessions into three groups (GroupⅠ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ). Group I were mainly Northern spring-sowing region common millet, Group Ⅱ were mainly foreign accessions, and Group Ⅲ were mainly Loess Plateau spring & summer-sowing region and Northern spring-sowing region accessions. Structure cluster divided resources into four groups. The red group contained Loess Plateau spring & summer-sowing region and Northern spring-sowing region accessions, which represented the gene pool of Loess Plateau and North. The green group included Northern spring-sowing region accessions, which represented the North gene pool. The blue group were Loess Plateau spring & summer-sowing region accessions, which represented the gene pool of Loess Plateau. The yellow group represented foreign gene pool. In terms of diversity parameters, the PIC value of GroupⅡwas the highest at 0.4606 and the Group Ⅳ was the lowest at 0.3539. The PCA analysis classified all accessions into six clusters, which are related to their geographical region. 【Conclusion】144 SSRs can evaluate 96 common millet resources accurately. The genetic relationships are related to their geographical region. Genetic diversity of accessions from Northern spring-sowing region are more abundant. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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