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Characteristics of the Variation in Soybean Yield and Soil Nitrogen Distribution in Brown Soil under Long-term Fertilization

LIU YuYing, SHEN Feng, YANG JinFeng, CAI FangFang, FU ShiFeng, LUO PeiYu, LI Na, DAI Jian*, HAN XiaoRi*   

  1. College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University/Monitoring & Experimental Station of Corn Nutrition and Fertilization in Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shenyang 110866
  • Published:2022-07-12

Abstract: 【Objective】Exploring the evolution, stability and sustainability of soybean yield and characteristics of soil nitrogen (N) distribution in brown soil under different fertilization in a long-term experiment to provide a scientific basis for making reasonable fertilization managements and realizing sustainable and green production of soybean in northeast region with brown soil.【Method】This study was based on the long-term fertilization experiment with brown soil, which began in 1979 with the crop rotation system of maize-maize-soybean, and 12 of the treatments were selected: no fertilization (CK), single N fertilizer (N), N and phosphorus (P) fertilizer mixed application (NP), N, P, and potassium (K) fertilizer compound application (NPK); single application of manure at a low rate (M1), manure at a low rate combined with chemical fertilizer (M1N, M1NP, M1NPK); single application of manure at a high rate (M2), manure at a high rate combined with chemical fertilizer (M2N, M2NP, M2NPK). The evolution of soybean yield under long-term different fertilization and the effects of 39-year crop rotation fertilization on nitrogen uptake of soybeans and soil nitrogen accumulation distribution at harvest stage were analyzed.【Result】Compared with the CK treatment, the average yield of soybean under each fertilization treatment was significantly improved, and those at treatments with manure at low and high rate were higher than those at treatments with chemical fertilizer alone, and the average yield at M1NPK and M2NPK treatments were the highest with 3 147 and 3238 kg·hm-2, respectively, which were 9.5% and 12.7% higher than that at NPK treatment. The results of the grey-linear regression showed that application with manure simply or combined with chemical fertilizer significantly increased the interannual yield compared to that with chemical fertilizer alone. The variation coefficient of soybean yield at treatments with manure at the low rate was the lowest with a high yield stability. The yield sustainability index (YSI) was higher ranging from 0.41 to 0.51, which was higher than that at treatments with manure at the high rate. Combined application of manure increased the contribution of fertilization to soybean yield without significant difference between treatments with manure at the low and high rate. After application of manure for 39 years, the soybean N uptake increased compared with the treatments with single chemical fertilizer, which was the highest at M1NPK treatment being 301.5 kg·hm-2. With application of manure at the low rate, soil mineral N mainly accumulated in 0-60 cm soil layers, and its concentration at 60-100 cm soil depths was low. The mineral N concentration in the 0-80 cm soil layers with application of manure and chemical fertilizer were higher than those at M1 treatment, which would provide available N for crop, but reduced the mineral N concentration in deep 80-100 cm layers leading to less N loss by leaching. Among them, the mineral N concentration in the 0-60 cm soil layers was the highest at M1NPK treatment, whereas in the 60-100 cm soil layers, the mineral N concentration showed a significant decrease trend with the soil depth increasing, compared with M2NPK treatment of the block with manure at the high rate. The soil total N and microbial biomass N were increased in the top 20 cm soil layer after fertilization with manure and chemical fertilizer for 39 years, which were higher than that in the 20-40 cm soil depth. The total N concentration in the 0-20 cm soil layer at M1NPK and M2NPK treatments increased by 13.9% and 5.5%, respectively, compared with NPK treatment, where the microbial biomass N concentration increased by 32.6% and 92.1%, respectively.【Conclusion】Long-term fertilization affected crop yield, N uptake, and soil N distribution. In the maize-maize-soybean rotation system in the brown soil area of Northeast China, application of N, P, and K fertilizer combined with manure at a low rate (13.5 t·hm-2) in the maize season, and the lonely application of N, P, and K fertilizer in the soybean season increased the soybean yield, improved the yield stability and sustainability, changed the soil N distribution and accumulation, and thus influenced the soybean N uptake. The increase of soil total N and microbial biomass N concentration at soybean harvest under long-term application of manure at a low rate increased the soil N supply, meanwhile the reduction of mineral N accumulation in deep soil reduced the risk of N loss by leaching, which is conducive to the sustainable and green production of soybean and is a reasonable fertilization method for this rotation system.


Key words: brown soil, soybean, yield stability and sustainability, grey-linear regression model, mineral n, microbial biomass N

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