Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (18): 3134-3144.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.18.006

• Basic Research • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Addressing the Losses and Waste of Chinese Rice Supply Chain: Sources, Drivers and Mitigation Strategies

LU ShiJun1,LIU XiaoJie2,XUE Li2,3,TANG ZhenChuang1,LIU Gang2,CHENG GuangYan1()   

  1. 1. Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081
    2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
    3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
  • Received:2019-01-25 Accepted:2019-04-15 Online:2019-09-16 Published:2019-09-23
  • Contact: GuangYan CHENG E-mail:chengguangyan@caas.cn

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Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of the study was to quantitatively estimate the rice losses and waste along the total supply chain in China, to analyze the main causes of loss and waste, and then to put forward the mitigation strategies to inform policy-making on ensuring food security and developing the nutrition-sensitive agriculture.【Method】 This study conducted questionnaires and qualitative interviews in major industrial chain areas (four provinces and eight counties) at each stage of the total supply chain (including agricultural production, post-harvest handling and storage, processing, distribution, and consumption).【Result】 The total loss and waste rate of rice along the whole supply chain was 13.64%. The standardized loss and waste rate at the agricultural production stage, post-harvest handling, storage, processing, distribution, and consumption stages were 2.84%, 1.85%, 1.21%, 1.73%, 0.79% and 5.22%, respectively. When the total loss rate and waste rate of rice was reduced by 1%, it can meet the demand of rice for 1.455 million and 904,000 people per year, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The losses and waste of rice along the entire food supply chain in China is still at a relatively high level, and it is urgent to take effective measures to reduce the losses and waste to improve the level of food supply.

Key words: rice, food supply chain, loss, waste

Fig. 1

System definition of Chinese rice food supply chain LAP: The standardized loss rate of agricultural production; LPH*: The standardized loss rate of postharvest handling; LST*: The standardized loss rate of grain storage; LPP*, LPS*: The standardized loss rate of primary and secondary processing; LDT*, LDR*: The standardized loss rate of transportation and retailing; LC*: The standardized waste rate of consumption"

Table 1

The situation of rice production in main producing counties"

省份
Province		 2016年产量
Annual production of 2016
(×104 t)		 全国占比
Proportion
(%)		 全国排名
The national ranking		 调查区县
Survey area
全国
The whole country		 20707.5 / / /
湖南（籼）
Hunan (indica)		 2602.3 12.6 1 常德汉寿县;益阳兰溪镇
Hanshou county, Changde city; Lanxi country, Yiyang city
江西（籼）
Jiangxi (indica)		 2012.6 9.7 3 南昌进贤县;上饶万年县
Jinxian country, Nanchang city; Wannian country, Shangrao city
黑龙江（粳）
Heilongjiang (Japonica)		 2255.3 10.9 2 哈尔滨双城区;五常市
Shuangcheng country, Harbin; Wuchang country, Harbin
吉林（粳）
Jilin (Japonica)		 654.1 3.2 11 长春榆树市;松原前郭县
Yushu country, Changchun city; Qianguo country, Songyuan city
合计
Total		 7524.3 36.3 / /

Table 2

Survey sample size at each stage"

环节
Stage		 作业类型
Operation		 作业主体
Operator		 样本量（n）
Sample size
农业生产 Agricultural production 收割、脱粒 Harvesting, threshing 农户（户） Peasants 413
收获后处理 Post harvest handling 转运、干燥 Transportation, dry 粮食经纪人（人） Agency 21
贮藏 Storage 贮藏 Storage 粮库（所） Grain depot 34
加工 Processing 初加工 Primary processing 企业（家） Firms 15
二次加工 Secondary processing 企业（家） Firms 10
流通 Distribution 运输 Transportation 企业/经销商（人）1) Firm/dealer 41
销售 Retail 经销商、商超（家） Dealers & supermarkets 16
消费 Consumption 浪费 Waste 消费者（人） Consumers 771

Table 3

Formula for calculating the standardized loss rate of rice in all stages of the whole supply chain"

环节Stage 计算公式Calculation formula
标准化损耗率 Standard rate of loss 农业生产 Agricultural production LAP
收获后处理 Post harvest handling LPH* = (1-LAP) ×LPH
贮藏Storage LST*= (1-LAP) × (1-LPH) ×LST
初加工Primary processing LPP* = (1-LAP) × (1-LPH) ×(1- LST) ×LPP
二次加工Secondary processing LPS*= (1-LAP) × (1-LPH) ×(1- LST) ×(1- LPP)×LPS
流通Distribution LD* = (1-LAP) × (1-LPH) ×(1- LST) × (1-LPP) × (1- LPS) ×LD
标准化浪费率 Standard rate of waste 食物浪费Food waste LC* = (1-LAP) × (1-LPH) ×(1- LST) × (1-LPP) × (1- LPS) × (1-LD) × LC
合计 Total 总损耗率 Total loss rate LTSC = LAP+LPH*+LST*+LPP*+LPS*+LD*+LC*

Table 4

The number of farmers with different rice loss rates at agricultural production"

损耗率
Loss (%)		 籼稻Indica 粳稻Japonica
大户
Large scale farming (≥3.3 hm2)		 散户
Small scale farming (<3.3 hm2 )		 合计
Total		 大户
Large scale farming
(≥3.3 hm2）		 散户
Small scale farming
(<3.3 hm2)		 合计
Total
0-2 53 57 110 9 14 23
2-4 22 50 72 6 13 19
4-6 66 59 125 4 8 12
6-8 1 3 4 2 0 2
8-10 1 33 34 2 1 3
10-20 0 5 5 0 1 1
合计 Total 143 207 353 23 37 60

Table 5

Loss of rice at postharvest handling"

粳稻 Japonica 籼稻 Indica 加权合计 Weighted average
粮食经纪人数 Dealer 8 13 21
收粮转运（撒漏与风耗）损耗率Acquisition of transport (leakage, air loss) (%) 0.51 0.46 0.48
售粮转运（撒漏与风耗）损耗率Sales of transportation (leakage, air loss) (%) 0.20 0.34 0.29
干燥—暂存（虫食鼠害）损耗率Dry-temporary storage（worm rat eat）(%) 0.57 0.41 0.46
（腐坏、变质等）损耗率Decay (%) / 1.0 0.67
合计损耗率 Total loss rate (%) 1.27 2.20 1.90

Table 6

The rice loss at storage"

粳稻
Japonica		 籼稻
Indica		 加权合计
The weighted summation
粮库数
Grain storage		 15 9 24
正常水分丢失损耗率
Moisture loss (%)		 0.46 1.37 1.07
其他损耗率
Others loss rate (%)		 0.13 0.24 0.20
合计损耗率
Total loss rate (%)		 0.59 1.61 1.27

Table 7

The rice loss at primary processing"

籼米
Indica		 粳米
Japonica		 加权合计
The weighted summation
样品数量
Sample size		 6 9 15
平均损耗率Mean (%) 1.11 1.31 1.17
损耗范围Min.-Max. (%) 0.79-4.73 0.73-3.65 /

Table 8

The rice loss at distribution"

损耗率
Loss		 运输
Transportation		 销售Retailing 合计
Total
袋装
Package		 散装
Bulk
均值
Average (%)		 0.24 0.35 1.21 0.61
范围 Min.-Max. (%) 0-0.8 0-1.0 0.2-2.0 /

Table 9

The rice waste at consumption"

年龄组
Age group		 大米浪费率 Rice waste (%)
男
Male		 女
Female		 合计
Total
≤29 53.7 (22) 50.0 (34) 51.4 (56)
30—44 40.0 (18) 38.2 (78) 38.6 (96)
45—59 30.0 (12) 19.6 (27) 21.9 (39)
≥60 19.6 (9) 9.5 (10) 12.6 (19)
合计 Total 35.5 (61) 28.9 (149) 30.6 (210)

Fig. 2

The main place of rice consumption"

Fig. 3

The proportion of rice wasted/consumed at a meal"

Table 10

Comparison table of loss reduction space in the rice total supply chain"

农业生产
Agricultural production		 收获后处理
Post harvest handling		 贮藏
Storage		 加工
Processing		 流通
Distribution		 消费（浪费）
Waste		 合计
Total
最小值Min. 1% 1.5% 1% 1.5% 0.5% 0 /
最大值Min.(SD) 1% 1.49% 0.98% 1.44% 0.48% 0 5.39%
平均值Ave.(SD) 2.84% 1.85% 1.21% 1.73% 0.79% 5.22% 13.64%

Fig. 4

Rice loss rate or waste rate at each stage"

Table 11

Comparison of loss and wastage rate in all stages of domestic rice industry supply chain"

环节 Stage 作业类型 Operation 以往研究结果 Research Result 说明 Explanation
全产业链
The whole supply chain		 不含浪费
Exclude waste		 丁建武（2005）,10%-18%
Ding J W (2005), 10%-18%		 8省17县调研
Study in 17 countries of 18 provinces
不含浪费
Exclude waste		 应霞芳（2005）,15%
Ying X F (2005), 15%		 南方水稻测定值
Value of rice in south China
农业生产
Agricultural production		 收割（含脱粒）
Harvest (include threshing )		 詹玉荣（1995）,4.16%
Zhan Y R (1995), 4.16%		 22省574县调研
Study in 574 countries of 22 provinces
收割（含脱粒）
Harvest (include threshing )		 曹宝明（1999）,4%
Cao B M (1999), 4%		 江苏3市调研
Study in 3 cities of Jiangsu Province
收割（含脱粒）
Harvest (include threshing )		 黄东（2018）,3.02%
Huang D (2018), 3.02%		 5省6地调研
Study in 6 cities of 5 provinces
收获后处理
Post harvest handling		 收获后处理
Post harvest handling		 高利伟（2016）,2.3%
Gao L W (2016), 2.3%		 文献综述
Literature review
贮藏Storage 贮藏Storage 经验数据（2007）,5%
Empirical data (2007), 5%		 粮食测算值
Actual estimated value
贮藏Storage 姜自德（2016）,5%
Jiang Z D (2016), 5%		 农业部门统计
Agricultural sector statistics
贮藏Storage 尹国彬（2017）,1.3%
Yin G B (2017), 1.3%		 文献综述
Literature review
加工 Processing 初加工
Primary Processing		 Gustafsson J（2013）,0.5% 欧洲综合数据,谷物大类
LAFA US, Cereal
初加工
Primary Processing		 李植芬（1991）,2.81%
Li Z F (1991), 2.81%		 农户碾米
Self-processing
初加工
Primary Processing		 唐为民（1998）,3.75%
Tang W M (1998), 3.75%		 经验值
Empirical data
初加工
Primary Processing		 樊琦（2015）,2%
Fan Q (2015), 2%		 精米加工
Rice milling
流通 Distribution 运输 Transportation 唐为民（1998）,1.05%
Tang W M (1998), 1.05%		 经验值
Empirical data
运输 Transportation 梁录瑞（1993）,2%
Liang L R (1993), 2%		 经验值
Empirical data
运输 Transportation 许世卫（2007）,0.8%
Xu S W (2007), 0.8%		 经验值
Empirical data
消费 Consumption 浪费 Consumption 王灵恩（2017）,7%
Wang L E (2017), 7%		 4城市调研,米饭按50%折算大米
Four cities results, Rice is converted into unboiled rice by 50%
浪费 Consumption Gustafsson J (2013), 25%
 欧洲综合数据,谷物大类
Integrated European data, Cereal
浪费Consumption Buzby J (2014), 19% 美国LAFA 数据,谷物大类
LAFA US, Cereal
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