稻田垄作直播控制灌溉对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.220038

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】稻田是温室气体的重要排放源之一，耕作方式和水分管理措施均能在一定程度上减少稻田温室气体排放。垄作直播方式是一种新型节本增效的水稻种植方式，探索稻田垄作直播下垄沟水分管理对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响，为丰产减排稻作模式的创新提供理论依据和技术途径。【方法】以2019—2021年垄作直播方式下的水稻-萝卜轮作系统为研究对象，通过设置传统淹水沟灌（TFI：水分高于垄面约5 cm）、控制沟灌1（CFI1：水分低于垄面约5 cm）、控制沟灌2（CFI2：水分低于垄面约10 cm）、控制沟灌3（CFI3：水分低于垄面约15 cm）4个处理，采取密闭静态箱-气相色谱法研究水稻-萝卜生长季温室气体排放及其综合温室效应，同时测定水稻产量、土壤还原性物质、铵态氮和硝态氮等指标，明确既能减少综合温室效应（GWP）又能增加作物产量的最佳灌水模式。【结果】综合3年试验结果，与TFI处理相比，控制灌溉能显著降低水稻季CH₄累积排放量22.81%—78.47%，其中CFI3效果最显著；CFI2处理显著增加水稻季N₂O累积排放量20.45%—59.90%，CFI3显著降低水稻季N₂O累积排放量12.08%—41.41%，CFI1对N₂O排放量无显著影响。对于萝卜季而言，与TFI处理相比，控制灌溉能显著降低CH₄累积排放量34.87%—53.31%，其中CFI2和CFI3效果最显著；CFI1、CFI2和CFI3处理能显著增加N₂O累积排放量35.00%—120.00%。双因素方差分析结果表明控制灌溉和控制灌溉×试验年份的交互作用对CH₄累积排放量具有极显著影响（P<0.01），控制灌溉、试验年份及控制灌溉×试验年份的交互作用对N₂O累积排放量具有极显著影响（P<0.01）。与TFI相比，控制灌溉处理能显著降低水稻季GWP 20.24%—74.87%；CFI1和CFI2处理显著增加水稻产量12.34%—33.97%，CFI3对水稻产量无显著影响；控制灌溉显著降低温室气体排放强度（GHGI）29.37%—75.92%。控制灌溉分别降低还原物质总量、活性还原物质和还原性铁含量15.00%—30.84%、53.45%—71.65%和60.47%，影响CH₄排放；同时降低铵态氮7.51%—9.87%，增加硝态氮5.81%—8.55%，影响N₂O排放。【结论】控制灌溉通过硝态氮、铵态氮以及还原性物质等土壤性质影响温室气体排放。综合温室气体减排效应和作物增产两方面，CFI1和CFI2处理效果最好。在稻田垄作直播条件下，灌水深度为传统沟灌淹水深度的2/3或者1/2是降低温室气体排放并增加水稻产量的最佳水分管理方式。

关键词: 垄作, 直播, 水分管理, 温室气体, 水稻产量, 萝卜

Abstract: 【Objective】Paddy fields are one of the important sources of greenhouse gas emissions, farming practices and water management can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from field to a certain extent. Ridge cultivation and direct-seeding is a new kind of rice planting pattern that saves costs and increases economic efficiency, However, there are few studies on the comprehensive effects of water management on greenhouse gases and rice yield under ridge cultivation and direct-seeding. Exploring the impact of water management of ridge cultivation and control irrigation on grain yield and greenhouse gas emissions is of great significance for increasing grain yield and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Exploring the effects of control irrigation on grain yield and greenhouse gas emissions in ridge cultivation direct-seeding paddy field can provide theoretical basis and technical approaches for the innovation of high-yield and emission-reduction. 【Method】In this study, a rice-radish rotation system under the ridge cultivation from 2019 to 2021 was conducted to use as the research object. By setting up traditional flooded furrow irrigation (TFI: the moisture is about 5 cm above the ridge), controlled furrow irrigation 1 (CFI1: moisture is about 5 cm below the ridge), controlled furrow irrigation 2 (CFI2: the moisture is about 10 cm below the ridge), and control furrow irrigation 3 (CFI3: the moisture is about 15 cm below the ridge) four treatments. The research includes studying the greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential(GWP) of rice-radish season by airtight static box-gas chromatography, measuring the rice yield, soil reducing substances, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, identifying optimal irrigation patterns that both reducing the GWP and increasing the rice yield.【Results】Based on the three-year experimental results, compared with TFI treatment, controlled irrigation can significantly reduce the cumulative emission of CH₄ by 22.81%-78.47% in the rice season, of which CFI3 has the most significant effect; CFI2 treatment significantly increases the cumulative emission of N₂O by 20.45%-59.90% , CFI3 significantly reduced the cumulative N₂O emissions by 12.08%-41.41%, and CFI1 had no significant effect on the cumulative N₂O emissions. For radish season, compared with TFI controlled irrigation can significantly reduce the cumulative emission of CH₄ by 34.87%-53.31%, among which CFI2 and CFI3 have the most significant effects; CFI1, CFI2 and CFI3 treatments can significantly increase the cumulative emission of N₂O by 35.00%-120.00%. The results of two-way ANOVA showed that control irrigation, the interaction of control irrigation and year had a extremely significance on the cumulative emission of CH₄ (P<0.01). The control irrigation, year, the interaction of control irrigation and year had a extremely significance on cumulative N₂O emissions (P<0.01). Compared with TFI, controlled irrigation treatment can significantly reduce GWP by 20.24%-74.87% in rice season; CFI1 and CFI2 treatments increases rice yield by 12.34%-33.97%, CFI3 treatment has no significant effect on yield. Controlling irrigation reduced GHGI by 29.37%-75.92%. Controlled irrigation affects CH₄ emissions by reducing the total amount of reducing substances, active reducing substances and reducing Fe²⁺ by 15.00%-30.84%, 53.45%-71.65% and 60.47%, respectively. It also affects N₂O emissions by reducing NH₄⁺ by 7.51%-9.87% and increasing NO₃^- by 5.81%-8.55%.【Conclusion】Controlled irrigation affects GHG emissions through soil properties such as NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, and reducing substances. Therefore, CFI1 and CFI2 have the best effects in terms of reducing GWP and increasing rice yield. Under the conditions of ridge cultivation and direct-seeding in paddy field, the depth of irrigation is two-thirds or half of the depth of traditional furrow irrigation flooding is the best water management method to alleviate greenhouse gas emissions and increase rice production.

Key words: ridge cultivation, direct-seeding, water management, greenhouse gas, rice yield, radish

谢军, 尹学伟, 魏灵, 王子芳, 李清虎, 张晓春, 鲁远源, 王秋月, 高明. 稻田垄作直播控制灌溉对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 0, (): 1-.

XIE Jun, YIN XueWei, WEI Ling, WANG ZiFang, LI QingHu, LU YuanYuan, WANG QiuYue, GAO Ming. Effects of Control Irrigation on Grain Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Ridge Cultivation Direct-Seeding Paddy Field[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 0, (): 1-.

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稻田垄作直播控制灌溉对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响

Effects of Control Irrigation on Grain Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Ridge Cultivation Direct-Seeding Paddy Field

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