灌溉下限对设施土壤N2O和NO排放特征的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.05.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】合理灌溉是设施生产控制N₂O和NO排放,提高氮肥利用率的有效措施。研究不同灌水下限设施土壤N₂O和NO排放动态与土壤水分、无机氮和可溶性有机氮关系,分析N₂O和NO排放特征及影响因素,以期为N₂O、NO减排和设施土壤灌溉管理提供科学依据。【方法】基于连续7年的设施土壤不同灌溉下限的田间定位试验,以番茄为供试作物,设4个土壤水吸力处理,分别为25 kPa（W₁）、35 kPa（W₂）、45 kPa（W₃）和55 kPa（W₄）。采用密闭静态箱-气相色谱和氮氧化物分析仪法,分别对番茄生长季的N₂O和NO进行田间原位同步观测。【结果】番茄生长季不同灌水下限处理土壤N₂O和NO排放通量分别为 -34.46—1 671.78 μg N·m^-2·h^-1和6.83—269.89 μg N·m^-2·h^-1,二者排放峰值期同步且主要发生在施肥和灌溉后,各处理NO/N₂O均小于1。土壤N₂O和NO累积排放量分别为W₂和W₁处理最低（P <0.01）,各处理N₂O+NO总累积排放量表现为W₄处理>W₃处理>W₁处理>W₂处理。W₂处理番茄产量较W₁、W₃和W₄处理分别增加84%、32.4%和12%。单位产量N₂O+NO排放量表现为W₄处理最高（P <0.01）,W₂处理最低。各处理施肥和收获后土壤无机氮和可溶性有机氮含量的重复测量方差分析表明,除灌水下限和观测时间交互对亚硝态氮含量影响不显著外,灌水下限和观测时间及二者交互效应对土壤无机氮和可溶性有机氮均有极显著影响（P <0.01）。冗余分析和相关分析表明,NO₂^--N、NH₄⁺-N和土壤孔隙含水量（WFPS）可分别解释设施土壤N₂O和NO变异的55%、32.5%和20.7%,均是极显著影响不同灌溉下限N₂O和NO排放的主要影响因素。【结论】综合考虑产量和N₂O、NO减排效应,灌水下限35 kPa的W₂处理为本试验最适宜的灌溉管理措施。

关键词: 灌溉下限, 设施土壤, N₂O排放, NO排放

Abstract:

【Objective】 Reasonable irrigation in greenhouse is an effective measure to control N₂O and NO emissions and to improve utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. In order to provide a scientific basis for N₂O and NO emission reduction and soil irrigation management in greenhouse, the dynamics of soil N₂O and NO emissions under different irrigation regimes and its relationship with soil moisture and inorganic nitrogen and soluble organic nitrogen were studied, and the N₂O and NO emissions characteristics and its influencing factors were also analyzed.【Method】A seven-year long term field experiment was conducted in greenhouse, tomatoes were used as the experimental crop, and four irrigation regimes were conducted to control lower irrigation limits of 25 kPa (W₁), 35 kPa (W₂), 45 kPa (W₃) and 55 kPa (W₄), respectively. The N₂O and NO emission were monitored in-situ simultaneously by using closed static chamber-gas chromatography and NO_x analyzer, respectively. 【Result】 The soil N₂O and NO emission fluxes of different irrigation regimes varied between -34.46-1 671.78 μg N·m^-2·h^-1and 6.83-269.89 μg N·m^-2·h^-1 in tomato growing season, respectively. The peak periods of N₂O and NO emissions were synchronous and mainly occurred after fertilization and irrigation, and NO/N₂O was less than 1 for each treatment. The cumulative soil N₂O and NO emissions were the lowest under W₂ and W₁ treatments (P <0.01) respectively, and the total N₂O+NO emissions for each treatment were W₄ >W₃ >W₁ >W₂. Compared with W₁, W₃ and W₄ treatments, tomato yields under W₂ treatment was increased by 84%, 32.4% and 12%, respectively. The yield-scaled N₂O+NO emissions was the highest under W₄ treatment and the lowest under W₂ treatment (P <0.01). Repeated measurements anova of soil inorganic nitrogen and soluble organic nitrogen after fertilizations and harvest showed that except for the interaction of irrigation regime and measure time had no significant effect on the nitrite content, irrigation regimes, measure time and their interaction had a significant effect on soil inorganic nitrogen and soluble organic nitrogen (P <0.01). Redundancy and correlation analysis indicated that NO₂^--N, NH₄⁺-N and WFPS could explain 55%, 32.5% and 20.7% variations of N₂O and NO for greenhouse soil, which were the main influencing factors that affected N₂O and NO emissions very significantly under different irrigation regimes.【Conclusion】Comprehensive consideration of yield, N₂O and NO emission reduction effect, W₂ treatment with irrigation lower limit of 35 kPa was the most appropriate irrigation management measurement for this experiment condition.

Key words: irrigation low limits, greenhouse soil, N₂O emission, NO emission

张丽媛,吕金东,石欣悦,虞娜,邹洪涛,张玉玲,张玉龙. 灌溉下限对设施土壤N₂O和NO排放特征的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(5): 992-1002.

LiYuan ZHANG,JinDong LÜ,XinYue SHI,Na YU,HongTao ZOU,YuLing ZHANG,YuLong ZHANG. Effects of Irrigation Regimes on N₂O and NO Emissions from Greenhouse Soil[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(5): 992-1002.

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处理 Treatment	灌水次数 Irrigation time	总灌水量 Total irrigation amount (m³·hm^-2)	平均单次灌水量 Average single irrigation amount (m³·hm^-2)
W₁	29	2957.2	102.0
W₂	23	2543.8	110.6
W₃	19	2274.0	119.7
W₄	16	2102.0	131.4

处理 Treatment	番茄产量 Tomato yield (×10³kg·hm^-2)	N₂O+NO总累积排放量 N₂O+NO total cumulative emissions (kg N·hm^-2)	单位产量N₂O+NO排放 Yield-scaled N₂O+NO (×10^-3g·kg^-1)	NO/N₂O
W₁	40.38±1.04dC	1.90±0.01cC	47.01±1.49aA	0.49±0.01dD
W₂	74.31±1.55aA	1.75±0.03dC	23.60±0.65cC	0.89±0.01aA
W₃	56.13±2.81cB	2.14±0.04bB	38.32±1.54bB	0.65±0.01cC
W₄	66.34±2.91bAB	3.12±0.04aA	47.15±1.83aA	0.74±0.01bB

项目 Item	N₂O	NO	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N	硝态氮 NO₃^--N	亚硝态氮 NO₂^--N	可溶性总氮STN	可溶性有机氮SON	WFPS
N₂O	1	0.696**	0.619**	-0.036ns	0.884**	-0.050ns	-0.093ns	0.415**
NO		1	0.509**	-0.051ns	0.622**	-0.136ns	-0.168ns	0.435**
NH₄⁺-N			1	0.213ns	0.577**	0.119ns	-0.146ns	0.319**
NO₃^--N				1	-0.086ns	0.696**	0.008ns	-0.472**
NO₂^--N					1	-0.168ns	-0.189ns	0.474**
STN						1	0.688**	-0.602**
SON							1	-0.399**
WFPS								1

灌溉下限对设施土壤N₂O和NO排放特征的影响

Effects of Irrigation Regimes on N₂O and NO Emissions from Greenhouse Soil

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