我国主要粮食作物秸秆还田养分资源量及其对小麦化肥减施的启示

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确我国主要粮食作物秸秆及其养分资源特征,为秸秆肥料化利用、化肥合理减施及农业绿色生产提供科学依据。【方法】基于《中国统计年鉴》和文献资料数据,估算我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆及其养分资源量,分析秸秆和养分资源区域分布特征、养分资源当季释放量以及小麦生产中化肥减施量。【结果】通过文献数据加权估算,我国水稻、小麦和玉米的草谷比分别为1.01、1.14和1.25。2014—2018年,我国三大粮食作物秸秆年均产量为65 386.6万t,其中水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆产量分别占32.3%、22.7%和45.0%。秸秆资源量的73.3%分布在我国华北、长江中下游和东北农区,其中水稻秸秆主要集中在长江中下游农区（50.7%）、小麦秸秆主要集中在华北农区（59.0%）、玉米秸秆主要集中在东北农区（33.7%）和华北农区（30.4%）。我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆氮素（N）平均含量分别为0.78%、0.64%和0.85%,磷素（P₂O₅）平均含量分别为0.42%、0.27%和0.53%,钾素（K₂O）平均含量分别为2.31%、1.53%和1.59%,秸秆总养分含量（N+P₂O₅+K₂O）表现为水稻>玉米>小麦。三大粮食作物秸秆养分资源年均量为509.8万t（N）、284.7万t（P₂O₅）和1 183.0万t（K₂O）,不同农区总养分量分布表现为长江中下游（26.0%）>华北（25.4%）>东北（21.3%）>西北（11.1%）>西南（10.5%）>东南（5.6%）。我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆还田氮素当季释放率分别为54.9%、51.4%和61.9%,磷素当季释放率分别为60.9%、65.3%和73.0%,钾素当季释放率分别为90.1%、93.3%和92.3%,表现为钾>磷>氮。三大粮食作物秸秆还田养分当季归还量（化肥可替代量）年均值为294.0万t（N）、194.1万t（P₂O₅）和1 083.9万t（K₂O）,总量为1 572万t,其中以玉米秸秆养分（N+P₂O₅+K₂O）当季归还量最高,占当季养分总归还量的44.6%。秸秆还田对我国小麦生产具有较高化肥替代潜力,在小麦一年一作区,小麦秸秆全量还田理论上可替代4.6 kg N·hm ^-2、7.8 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2和65.3 kg K₂O·hm ^-2的化肥投入量;小麦玉米轮作区,玉米秸秆全量还田理论上可替代小麦生产季39.4 kg N·hm ^-2、28.9 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2和109.9 kg K₂O·hm ^-2的化肥投入量;稻麦轮作区,水稻秸秆全量还田理论上可替代小麦生产季29.9 kg N·hm ^-2、17.8 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2和145.1 kg K₂O·hm ^-2的化肥投入量。【结论】我国水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆年均产量分别为21 141.5万t、14 843.1万t和29 402.0万t,总量为65 386.6万t。三大粮食作物秸秆全量还田养分当季释放量为294.0万t（N）、194.1万t（P₂O₅）和1 083.9万t（K₂O）。70%以上秸秆资源和养分当季释放量集中在长江中下游、华北和东北地区。小麦生产区,前茬作物秸秆全量还田理论上可替代 4.6—39.4 kg N·hm ^-2、7.8—28.9 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2和65.3—145.1 kg K₂O·hm ^-2的化肥投入量。

关键词: 秸秆产量, 养分资源量, 化肥减施, 小麦生产

Abstract:

【Objective】The objective of this study was to determine the quantity and distribution of crop straws from rice, wheat and maize production, and the contained nutrient resources in the main grain crops planting regions of China, so as to provide a scientific basis for straw fertilizer utilization and reasonable reduction of chemical fertilizer in agricultural production in China. 【Method】 Based on data/information from National Bureau of Statistics of China and published literature, the amount of crop straws and the contained nutrient resources were estimated in rice, wheat and maize planting areas. The distribution of crop straws and the contained nutrient resources, the nutrient release of straw incorporation in next-stubble crops production, and chemical fertilizer proper reduction rate of wheat production were further analyzed in different agricultural regions of China. 【Result】The results showed that the ratio of straw to grain of rice, wheat and maize in China was 1.01, 1.14 and 1.25 by estimation of literature data, respectively. The annual yield of straw of the three major grain crops in China was 653.866 million tons during 2014-2018, among which rice, wheat and maize accounted for 32.3%, 22.7% and 45.0%, respectively. The crop straws were mainly produced in North China, Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and Northeast China, accounting for 73.3% of the total national crop straw yields. The rice straw (50.7%) was mainly distributed in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, the wheat straw (59.0%) was mainly distributed in Northeast China, and the maize straw were mainly distributed in Northeast China (33.7%) and North China (30.4%). A large number of literature data statistics showed that the nitrogen (N) average content of rice, wheat and maize straw was 0.78%, 0.64% and 0.85%, the phosphorus (P₂O₅) average content was 0.42%, 0.27% and 0.53%, the potassium (K₂O) average content was 2.31%, 1.53% and 1.59%, respectively, and the total nutrient content of straw (N+P₂O₅+K₂O) was expressed as rice>maize>wheat. The nutrient resources of three major grain crops straw were 5.098 million tons of N, 2.847 million tons of P₂O₅, and 11.83 million tons of K₂O. The distribution of total nutrient components in different agricultural areas was as follows: Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River (26.0%)>North China (25.4%)>Northeast China (21.3%)>Northwest China (11.1%)>Southwest China (10.5%)>Southeast China (5.6%). The release rates of nitrogen from rice, wheat and maize straw returning to the field were 54.9%, 51.4% and 61.9%, that of phosphorus were 60.9%, 65.3% and 73.0%, and that of potassium were 90.1%, 93.3% and 92.3%, respectively, which showed as potassium>phosphorus>nitrogen. The annual amount of nutrient returned to field from three major grain crops straw (the amount of substitution of chemical fertilizer) contained 2.940 million tons of N, 1.941 million tons of P₂O₅and 10.839 million tons of K₂O, with a total amount of 15.72 million tons. Among them, the nutrient (N+P₂O₅+K₂O) release from maize straw return in the next crop growing period was the highest, accounting for 44.6% of the total amount of annual nutrient return. Straw incorporation had high potential of chemical fertilizer substitution for wheat production in China. In wheat monoculture area, the total wheat straw returning to the field could substitute chemical fertilizers input rate of 4.6 kg N·hm ^-2, 7.8 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2and 65.3 kg K₂O·hm ^-2 theoretically. In the wheat-maize rotation area, the total amount of maize straw returned to the field could substitute chemical fertilizers input rate of 39.4 kg N·hm ^-2, 28.9 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2and 109.9 kg K₂O·hm ^-2 in the wheat production season theoretically. In the rice-wheat rotation area, the total amount of rice straw returned to the field could substitute chemical fertilizers input rate of 29.9 kg N·hm ^-2, 17.8 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2and 145.1 kg K₂O·hm ^-2 in the wheat production season theoretically. 【Conclusion】The annual yield of rice, wheat and maize straw in China was 211.415 million tons, 148.431 million tons and 294.020 million tons, respectively, with a total of 653.866 million tons. The straws of three major grain crops could provide 2.940 million tons of N, 1.941 million tons of P₂O₅ and 10.839 million tons of K₂O annually under straw returning. More than 70% of straw and nutrients resources were distributed in North China, Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River and Northeast China. In the wheat production area, the total amount of straw returned from the previous crop could substitute chemical fertilizers input rate of 4.6 to 39.4 kg N·hm ^-2, 7.8 to 28.9 kg P₂O₅·hm ^-2and 65.3 to145.1 kg K₂O·hm ^-2 in theory.

Key words: straw yield, the amount of nutrient resources, chemical fertilizer reduction, wheat production

李廷亮,王宇峰,王嘉豪,栗丽,谢钧宇,李丽娜,黄晓磊,谢英荷. 我国主要粮食作物秸秆还田养分资源量及其对小麦化肥减施的启示[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(23): 4835-4854.

LI TingLiang,WANG YuFeng,WANG JiaHao,LI Li,XIE JunYu,LI LiNa,HUANG XiaoLei,XIE YingHe. Nutrient Resource Quantity from Main Grain Crop Straw Incorporation and Its Enlightenment on Chemical Fertilizer Reduction in Wheat Production in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(23): 4835-4854.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.23.010

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2020/V53/I23/4835

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作物 Crop	文献 Reference^[7]	文献 Reference^[8]	文献 Reference^[9]	文献 Reference^[10]	文献 Reference^[12]	文献 Reference^[15]	加权平均值 Mean
水稻Rice	0.9(7)	—	1.0 (41)	—	1.02 (194)	1.05 (5)	1.01 (247)
小麦 Wheat	1.16(7)	—	1.17 (34)	1.27(437)	1.36 (257)	1.32 (4)	1.14 (839)
玉米Maize	1.75(6)	1.28(12)	1.04 (34)	—	1.25 (283)	1.63 (6)	1.25 (341)

农区 Agricultural region	水稻 Rice	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize	总量 Total
东北 Northeast China	3566.7±292.3	41.6±10.6	9903.7± 809.5	13512.1±1090.1
华北North China	693.2±19.3	8752.0±281.2	8926.7±991.8	18371.9±1233.8
长江中下游 Middle and lower Yangtze River areas	10714.9±284.6	3622.7±235.1	1689.9±168.8	16027.5± 681.3
西北 Northwest China	300.4±28.5	1825.8±76.6	5558.4±420.3	7684.5±401.6
西南 Southwest China	3082.8±118.9	599.6±141.5	2872.6±345.3	6555.0±131.4
东南 Southeast China	2783.5±164.0	1.5± 0.7	450.8±26.2	3235.7±188.1
全国 The whole country	21141.5±291.2	14843.1±344.0	29402.0±2645.4	65386.6±3244.4

作物 Crop	养分 Nutrient	最小值 Minimum value	最大值 Maximum value	95%置信区间 95% confidence interval	平均值 Mean	样本数 Sample number
水稻 Rice	N	0.21	2.00	0.72-0.83	0.78	110
	P₂O₅	0.06	1.99	0.35-0.50	0.42	99
	K₂O	0.1	4.79	2.11-2.52	2.31	97
小麦 Wheat	N	0.36	1.16	0.60-0.69	0.64	60
	P₂O₅	0.06	0.87	0.21-0.30	0.27	47
	K₂O	0.25	3.58	1.32-1.74	1.53	45
玉米 Maize	N	0.32	2.30	0.79-0.91	0.85	111
	P₂O₅	0.08	2.20	0.43-0.62	0.53	90
	K₂O	0.11	3.87	1.44-1.75	1.59	88

农区 Agricultural region	作物 Crop	养分资源量 Nutrient resources quantity (×10⁴t)
农区 Agricultural region	作物 Crop	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
东北 Northeast China	水稻 Rice	27.8±2.3	15.0±1.2	82.4±6.8
	小麦 Wheat	0.3±0.1	0.1±0.0	0.6±0.2
	玉米 Maize	84.2±6.9	52.5±4.3	157.5±12.9
华北North China	水稻 Rice	5.4±0.2	2.9±0.1	16.0±0.4
	小麦 Wheat	56.0±1.8	23.6±0.8	133.9±4.3
	玉米 Maize	75.9±8.4	47.3±5.3	141.9±15.8
长江中下游 Middle and lower Yangtze River areas	水稻 Rice	83.6±2.2	45.0±1.2	247.5±6.6
	小麦 Wheat	23.2±1.5	9.8±0.6	55.4±3.6
	玉米 Maize	14.4±1.4	9.0±0.9	26.9±2.7
西北 Northwest China	水稻 Rice	2.3±0.2	1.3±0.1	6.9±0.7
	小麦 Wheat	11.7±0.5	4.9±0.2	27.9±1.2
	玉米 Maize	47.2±3.6	29.5±2.2	88.4±6.7
西南 Southwest China	水稻 Rice	24.0±0.9	12.9±0.5	71.2±2.7
	小麦 Wheat	3.8±0.9	1.6±0.4	9.2±2.2
	玉米 Maize	24.4±2.9	15.2±1.8	45.7±5.5
东南 Southeast China	水稻 Rice	21.7±1.3	11.7±0.7	64.3±3.8
	小麦 Wheat	—	—	—
	玉米 Maize	3.8±0.2	2.4±0.1	7.2±0.4
全国 The whole country	水稻 Rice	164.9±2.3	88.8±1.2	488.4±6.7
	小麦 Wheat	95.0±2.2	40.1±0.9	227.1±5.3
	玉米 Maize	249.9±22.5	155.8±14.0	467.5±42.1
	总计Total	509.8±26.7	284.7±16.1	1183.0±53.5

秸秆腐解及养分释放率 Rate of straw decomposition and nutrients release	水稻 Rice	小麦 Wheat	玉米 Maize
秸秆腐解率 Straw decomposition rate (%)	58.6±11.8(29)	60.0±10.0(23)	57.9±16.9(75)
氮释放率 N release rate (%)	54.9±14.4(30)	51.4±8.8(21)	61.9±18.5(55)
磷释放率 P release rate (%)	60.9±22.4(28)	65.3±15.7(21)	73.0±18.4(55)
钾释放率 K release rate (%)	90.1±11.6(27)	93.3±8.3(20)	92.4± 6.8(54)