中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (14): 2852-2858.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.14.009

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

油菜轮作对后茬作物产量的影响

张顺涛1(),鲁剑巍1(),丛日环1,任涛1,李小坤1,廖世鹏1,张跃强2,郭世伟3,周明华4,黄益国5,程辉6   

  1. 1华中农业大学资源与环境学院,武汉 430070
    2西南大学资源环境学院,重庆 400716
    3南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院,南京 210095
    4中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所,成都 610041
    5衡阳市农业科学研究所,湖南衡阳 421001
    6信阳市农业科学院,河南信阳 464000
  • 收稿日期:2019-10-22 接受日期:2019-12-18 出版日期:2020-07-16 发布日期:2020-08-10
  • 联系方式: 张顺涛,E-mail:zhangst@webmail.hzau.edu.cn。
  • 基金资助:
    国家油菜产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12)

Effect of Rapeseed Rotation on the Yield of Next-Stubble Crops

ZHANG ShunTao1(),LU JianWei1(),CONG RiHuan1,REN Tao1,LI XiaoKun1,LIAO ShiPeng1,ZHANG YueQiang2,GUO ShiWei3,ZHOU MingHua4,HUANG YiGuo5,CHENG Hui6   

  1. 1 College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070
    2 College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716
    3 College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095
    4 Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041
    5 Hengyang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Hengyang 421001, Hunan
    6 Xinyang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Xinyang 464000, Henan
  • Received:2019-10-22 Accepted:2019-12-18 Published:2020-07-16 Online:2020-08-10

摘要:

【目的】明确长江流域多熟制轮作区油菜轮作对后茬作物产量的影响,验证油菜种植提高后茬作物产量是一种普遍现象,为油菜作为换茬作物促进粮油兼丰、周年丰产稳产提供依据。【方法】在长江流域不同地区开展不同轮作模式的同田对比试验,选取长江上游重庆北碚油菜-水稻和小麦-水稻轮作、四川盐亭油菜-玉米和小麦-玉米轮作,中游湖北沙洋油菜-水稻和小麦-水稻轮作、油菜-玉米和小麦-玉米轮作、湖南衡阳油菜-早稻-晚稻和冬闲-早稻-晚稻轮作、河南信阳油菜-水稻和小麦-水稻轮作,下游江苏如皋油菜-水稻和小麦-水稻轮作。比较冬季作物小麦(或冬闲)和油菜在相同施肥水平下对后茬作物水稻或玉米产量及产量构成因子、养分吸收量的差异。【结果】北碚、沙洋、信阳和如皋油-稻轮作的稻谷产量较麦-稻轮作分别提高323、483、1 569和569 kg·hm-2,相应增产4.6%、6.6%、17.3%和6.0%;盐亭和沙洋油-玉轮作的玉米产量较麦-玉轮作分别提高487和579 kg·hm-2,分别增产7.0%和14.8%;衡阳油-稻-稻轮作的早稻和晚稻的稻谷产量较闲-稻-稻轮作分别提高718和726 kg·hm-2,分别增产11.1%和10.5%。沙洋和信阳油-稻轮作水稻的有效穗数和每穗粒数较麦-稻轮作分别增加7.0、27.7万穗/hm2和18.1、20.2粒/穗。沙洋和北碚试验点油-稻轮作的水稻生物量较麦-稻轮作分别提高1 711和2 625 kg·hm-2,氮素累积量分别较麦-稻轮作增加23.9和23.2 kg·hm-2。【结论】在长江流域不同种植区域内,油菜在不同轮作模式中均可提高后茬作物的产量及养分累积量,是一种良好的轮作换茬作物。

关键词: 油菜, 轮作, 后效, 土壤生产力, 粮油兼丰

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to clarify the impact of rapeseed rotation on the yield of the next-stubble crops in the multiple cropping rotation area of the Yangtze River Basin, and to verify that it was a common phenomenon that rapeseed cultivation increased crop yield in the subsequent season, so as to provide a basis for rapeseed as an alternate husbandry crops to promote both yield of grain and oil, and yield stability. 【Method】 Field experiments with different crop rotation patterns were carried out in different areas of the Yangtze River Basin: in the upper Yangtze River, rapeseed-rice and wheat-rice rotation in Beibei (Chongqing), and rapeseed-maize and wheat-maize rotation in Yanting (Sichuan province) were selected; in the middle Yangtze River, rapeseed-rice and wheat-rice rotations, rapeseed-maize and wheat-maize rotations in Shayang (Hubei province), rapeseed-early rice and winter fallow-early rice-late rice rotations in Hengyang (Hunan province), rapeseed-rice and wheat-rice rotations in Xinyang (Henan province) were selected; in the lower Yangtze River, rapeseed-rice and wheat-rice rotations in Rugao (Jiangsu province) were selected. The differences in yield, yield components and nutrient uptake of rice or maize in the subsequent season of winter crop wheat (or winter fallow) and rapeseed at the same fertilization level were analyzed. 【Result】 Compared with that in wheat-rice rotation, the rice yield of rapeseed-rice rotation in Beibei, Shayang, Xinyang and Rugao increased by 323, 483, 1 569 and 569 kg·hm-2, respectively, with increase rate of 4.6%, 6.6%, 17.3% and 6.0%, respectively. Compared with that in wheat-maize rotation, the maize yield of rapeseed-maize rotation in Yanting and Shayang increased by 487 and 579 kg·hm-2, respectively, with increase rate of 7.0% and 14.8%, respectively. Compared with that in winter fallow-rice-rice rotation, the early rice and late rice yields of rapeseed-rice-rice rotation in Hengyang increased by 718 and 726 kg·hm-2, respectively, with increase rate of 11.1% and 10.5%, respectively. Compared with the wheat-rice rotation, the rice panicle number and grains per panicle of rapeseed-rice rotation in Shayang and Xinyang increased by 7.0×104, 27.7×104 spikes/hm2 and 18.1, 20.2 grains. Compared with the wheat-rice rotation, the rice biomass of the rapeseed-rice rotation in Shayang and Beibei increased by 1 711 and 2 625 kg·hm-2, respectively, and the nitrogen accumulation increased by 23.9 and 23.2 kg·hm-2, respectively. 【Conclusion】 In different planting areas in the Yangtze River Basin, rapeseed rotation could increase the yield and nutrient accumulation of next-stubble crops in different rotation patterns in varying planting areas in Yangtze River Basin, being a good alternate husbandry crop in a rotation.

Key words: rapeseed, rotation, aftereffect, soil productivity, high yield of grain and oil