综合农学管理模式对春玉米产量和养分累积特征的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.20.006

中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (20): 3546-3558.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.20.006

• 专题：东北春玉米高产与养分高效 • 上一篇下一篇

综合农学管理模式对春玉米产量和养分累积特征的影响

袁静超¹,刘剑钊¹,梁尧¹,展文洁^1,²,张洪喜¹,曾子豪^1,²,蔡红光¹(),任军¹()

¹ 吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业部东北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,长春 130033
² 吉林农业大学,长春 130118

收稿日期:2019-03-19 接受日期:2019-07-01 出版日期:2019-10-16 发布日期:2019-10-28
通讯作者: 蔡红光,任军
作者简介:袁静超,E-mail：jingchao_yuan@163.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0201804);吉林省科技厅重点研发项目(20180201077NY);吉林省农业科技创新工程(CXGC2017ZD001);吉林省人才开发资金项目

Characteristics of Grain Yield and Nutrient Accumulation for Spring Maize Under Different Agronomic Management Practices

JingChao YUAN¹,JianZhao LIU¹,Yao LIANG¹,WenJie ZHAN^1,²,HongXi ZHANG¹,ZiHao ZENG^1,²,HongGuang CAI¹(),Jun REN¹()

¹ Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Changchun 130033
² Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118

Received:2019-03-19 Accepted:2019-07-01 Online:2019-10-16 Published:2019-10-28
Contact: HongGuang CAI,Jun REN

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 研究综合农学管理模式下春玉米产量及开花前后植株养分累积与转运特征,旨在为春玉米高产高效生产提供理论和技术支持。【方法】 试验于2009—2011年在吉林省公主岭市铁北区进行,以先玉335为供试材料,在大田条件下设置5种不同农学管理模式,即无肥区（CK）、农户习惯模式（FP）、综合农学管理模式1（Opt-1）、综合农学管理模式2（Opt-2）、综合农学管理模式3（Opt-3）,通过3年定位试验,系统监测不同生育时期植株氮、磷、钾养分吸收与累积特征,重点对开花前后春玉米干物质及氮磷钾养分累积与转运特征进行比较研究。【结果】 合理增密、平衡施肥和深松作业是春玉米获得高产的关键措施。5种模式间以Opt-3最优,与农户习惯模式（FP）相比,Opt-3产量和干物质累积量增幅分别为13.9%和22.4%,其增产贡献主要来自于收获穗数（较农户模式增加34.3%）。在与FP处理化肥投入量基本一致的情况下,Opt-3处理下植株氮、磷、钾累积量分别增加9.5%、28.1%和23.9%,氮、磷、钾素转运效率分别增加47.7%、21.7%和45.0%,氮肥偏生产力增加14.0%,磷肥偏生产力增加4.4%。与Opt-1模式相比,Opt-3处理主要通过增加密度实现了产量的进一步提升（较Opt-1种植密度增加10 000株/hm ²,增产56—346 kg·hm ^-2）;与Opt-2模式相比,Opt-3主要通过肥料的进一步优化实现了效率的提升（较Opt-2氮肥农学利用率提高29.5%）。通过肥料成本核算,Opt-3处理较FP处理增加收益2 218元/hm ²,较Opt-1处理增加收益290元/hm ²,较Opt-2处理节约成本367元/hm ²。【结论】 合理增密至70 000株/hm ²、优化化肥用量（N 225 kg·hm ^-2-P₂O₅ 90 kg·hm ^-2-K₂O 90 kg·hm ^-2）和施用时期、增施有机肥（15 000 kg·hm ^-2）、补充中微肥（150 kg·hm ^-2）,并结合土壤深松是较为优化的综合农学管理模式,可以实现东北中部春玉米产量和效率的协同提升。

关键词: 农学管理, 春玉米, 产量, 养分累积与转运, 偏生产力

Abstract:

【Objective】 This research aimed to investigate the characteristics of grain yield, nutrient accumulation and transport of spring maize before and after flowering under different agronomic management practices, so as to provide theoretical and technical support for high yield and efficient production of spring maize. 【Method】 The field experiment was conducted from 2009 to 2012 in Gongzhuling of Jilin province. The hybrid “Xianyu335” was used as research material. During three consecutive years, five different agronomic management practices (CK, FP, Opt-1, Opt-2, and Opt-3) were set under the field conditions. The characteristics of dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorbing and transport were monitored before and after flowering of spring maize. The influence of grain yield was studied under different agronomic management practices. 【Result】 Reasonable densification, nutrient management and deep scarification were the key measures for high yield of spring maize. The result indicated Opt-3 was optimal under five different agronomic management practices. Compared with FP, the grain yield and dry matter accumulation of Opt-3 increased 13.9% and 22.4%, respectively. The number of maize ears in harvest stage contributed yield mostly, and the yield under Opt-3 was 34.3% higher than that under FP. Under the condition of same amount of fertilizer input between Opt-3 and FP, N, P and K accumulation of Opt-3 increased by 9.5%, 28.1% and 23.9% than that of FP, respectively. N, P and K translocation rate of Opt-3 increased by 47.7%, 21.7% and 45.0%, respectively. Partial productivity of N, P fertilizer increased by 14.0% and 4.4%, respectively. Compared with Opt-1, the grain yield of Opt-3 was further augmented by increasing planting density. When planting density was increased by 10 000 plant/hm ², the grain yield increased 56-346 kg·hm ^-2. Compared with Opt-2, the efficiency of Opt-3 was improved through further optimization of fertilizer, and ANUE of Opt-3 increased 29.5%. Through fertilizer cost accounting, compared with FP, Opt-3 increased income by 2 218 yuan/hm ². Compared with Opt-1, Opt-3 increased income by 290 yuan/hm ². Compared with Opt-2, Opt-3 saved 367 yuan/hm ².【Conclusion】 By reasonable densification to 70 000 plant/hm ², optimized fertilizer (N 225 kg·hm ^-2-P₂O₅ 90 kg·hm ^-2-K₂O 90 kg·hm ^-2) and application period, organic fertilizer (1 500 kg·hm ^-2), added microelement fertilizer (150 kg·hm ^-2), combined with soil deep tillage, it was a relatively optimized integrated agronomic management mode, which could realize the synergistic improvement of spring maize yield and efficiency in the middle of northeast China.

Key words: agronomic management practices, spring maize, grain yield, nutrient accumulation and transport, partial productivity

袁静超,刘剑钊,梁尧,展文洁,张洪喜,曾子豪,蔡红光,任军. 综合农学管理模式对春玉米产量和养分累积特征的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(20): 3546-3558.

JingChao YUAN,JianZhao LIU,Yao LIANG,WenJie ZHAN,HongXi ZHANG,ZiHao ZENG,HongGuang CAI,Jun REN. Characteristics of Grain Yield and Nutrient Accumulation for Spring Maize Under Different Agronomic Management Practices[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(20): 3546-3558.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获穗数 Ear number (hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number	百粒重 100-kernel weight (g)	增产 Increase (%)
2009	CK	5991.6b	53000c	389b	29.8b	—
	FP	8356.6a	45000d	503a	37.2a	—
	Opt-1	9108.0a	63000a	521a	29.9b	9.0
	Opt-2	9142.0a	61000b	504a	30.4b	9.4
	Opt-3	9163.7a	63000a	501a	29.8b	9.7
2010	CK	7526.1c	58000b	398c	33.9c	—
	FP	8945.6b	51000c	479a	37.9b	—
	Opt-1	10019.9a	57000b	455a	40.7a	12.0
	Opt-2	10390.4a	67000a	388c	41.7a	16.2
	Opt-3	10102.5a	64000a	401b	41.0a	12.9
2011	CK	4457.0c	57000b	288c	27.6b	—
	FP	9253.0b	47000c	638a	35.2ab	—
	Opt-1	10639.0a	57000b	558b	32.6a	15.0
	Opt-2	11077.9a	62000a	504b	33.5ab	19.7
	Opt-3	10985.0a	65000a	504b	32.5b	18.7
变异来源 Sources of variance
年份 Year (Y)		15.77^**	15.81^**	28.55^**	104.26^**
处理 Treatment (T)		85.66^**	3.23^**	45.64^**	21.85^**
年份×处理 Y×T		8.09^**	11.90^**	11.78^**	6.87^**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	积累量 Accumulation of dry matter (kg·hm^-2)		积累率 Accumulation rate (%)		对籽粒贡献率 Accumulation rate (%)		转运效率 Translocation rate (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	吐丝前BS	吐丝后AS	吐丝前BS	吐丝后AS	吐丝前BS	吐丝后AS	转运效率 Translocation rate (%)
2009	CK	6312.0c	8235.0a	43.4	56.6	2.8	97.2	3.3
	FP	8384.5b	7832.4a	51.7	48.3	19.4	80.6	19.3
	Opt-1	9976.0a	9696.2a	50.7	49.3	13.6	86.4	13.3
	Opt-2	11514.3a	9293.9a	55.3	44.7	25.4	74.6	23.2
	Opt-3	11239.2a	8579.4a	56.7	43.3	25.9	74.1	22.8
2010	CK	6028.0b	6480.8d	48.2	51.8	14.2	85.8	15.2
	FP	7850.0b	8985.1c	46.6	53.4	6.2	93.8	6.6
	Opt-1	10154.0a	8739.8c	53.7	46.3	21.3	78.7	19.9
	Opt-2	10920.0a	14267.1a	43.4	56.6	1.1	98.9	1.3
	Opt-3	9906.0a	11906.0b	45.4	54.6	6.9	93.1	7.8
2011	CK	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	FP	11468.0ab	10453.3c	52.3	47.7	14.7	85.3	13.6
	Opt-1	9433.3b	15800.7a	37.4	62.6	1.8	98.2	2.6
	Opt-2	12480.0a	12831.3b	49.3	50.7	12.5	87.5	12.8
	Opt-3	13408.5a	13097.0b	49.1	50.9	11.9	88.1	12.2

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	积累量 Accumulation of dry matter (kg·hm^-2)		积累率 Accumulation rate (%)		对籽粒贡献率 Accumulation rate (%)		转运效率 Translocation rate (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	吐丝前BS	吐丝后AS	吐丝前BS	吐丝后AS	吐丝前BS	吐丝后AS	转运效率 Translocation rate (%)
2009	CK	46.8c	78.0a	37.5	62.5	19.4	80.6	37.7
	FP	115.9b	61.3a	65.4	34.6	54.3	45.7	57.8
	Opt-1	141.8a	69.2a	67.2	32.8	57.6	42.4	60.4
	Opt-2	159.5a	57.4a	73.5	26.5	67.7	32.3	65.9
	Opt-3	144.6a	63.7a	69.4	30.6	61.8	38.2	63.9
2010	CK	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	FP	149.7b	65.4a	69.6	30.4	52.3	47.7	42.8
	Opt-1	170.7a	48.5b	77.9	22.1	70.9	29.1	57.9
	Opt-2	186.3a	78.2a	70.4	29.6	57.5	42.5	49.9
	Opt-3	166.1a	67.9a	71.0	29.0	59.0	41.0	51.0
2011	CK	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	FP	113.3bc	130.7a	46.4	53.6	7.4	92.6	8.6
	Opt-1	136.5b	117.8b	53.7	46.3	26.5	73.5	28.9
	Opt-2	161.0a	102.2b	61.2	38.8	41.9	58.1	42.0
	Opt-3	179.4a	75.2c	70.5	29.5	55.7	44.3	46.3

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	积累量 Accumulation of dry matter (kg·hm^-2)		积累率 Accumulation rate (%)		对籽粒贡献率 Accumulation rate (%)		转运效率 Translocation rate (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	吐丝前BS	吐丝后AS	吐丝前BS	吐丝后AS	吐丝前BS	吐丝后AS	转运效率 Translocation rate (%)
2009	CK	26.6b	40.4c	39.7	60.3	29.2	70.8	60.1
	FP	35.3b	63.3b	35.8	64.2	19.0	81.0	40.6
	Opt-1	38.4b	82.1a	31.9	68.1	19.5	80.5	50.6
	Opt-2	53.5a	66.2b	44.7	55.3	38.5	61.5	74.3
	Opt-3	50.9a	67.1b	43.1	56.9	37.1	62.9	75.1
2010	CK	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	FP	52.8b	18.8ab	73.8	26.2	64.0	36.0	59.6
	Opt-1	65.4a	22.2a	74.7	25.3	68.4	31.6	66.2
	Opt-2	73.5a	27.0a	73.1	26.9	67.1	32.9	69.2
	Opt-3	59.2b	33.9a	63.6	36.4	51.5	48.5	58.9
2011	CK	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	FP	38.8b	44.8b	46.4	53.6	31.3	68.7	51.1
	Opt-1	49.3b	65.2a	43.1	56.9	24.9	75.1	42.0
	Opt-2	61.2a	59.5ab	51.6	48.4	34.2	65.8	45.6
	Opt-3	62.8a	52.6ab	53.9	46.1	38.4	61.6	50.0

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	积累量 Accumulation of dry matter (kg·hm^-2)		积累率 Accumulation rate (%)		对籽粒贡献率 Accumulation rate (%)		转运效率 Translocation rate (%)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	吐丝前BS	吐丝后AS	吐丝前BS	吐丝后AS	吐丝前BS	吐丝后AS	转运效率 Translocation rate (%)
2009	CK	78.1b	27.5b	74.0	26.0	35.3	64.7	14.7
	FP	117.9b	60.9a	65.9	34.1	22.1	77.9	12.2
	Opt-1	163.8ab	22.0b	88.2	11.8	76.1	23.9	26.9
	Opt-2	188.4a	19.6b	90.6	9.4	81.9	18.1	25.9
	Opt-3	173.8a	13.7c	92.7	7.3	89.0	11.0	29.1
2010	CK	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	FP	112.6b	3.4c	97.0	3.0	85.7	14.3	23.0
	Opt-1	134.9a	5.3c	96.2	3.8	77.9	22.1	9.9
	Opt-2	148.7a	29.9a	83.3	16.7	50.6	49.4	15.5
	Opt-3	145.5a	15.3b	90.5	9.5	67.2	32.8	16.9
2011	CK	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	FP	84.6c	45.2a	65.2	34.8	21.8	78.2	13.3
	Opt-1	114.1b	47.7a	70.5	29.5	40.2	59.8	24.5
	Opt-2	156.2a	26.4b	85.5	14.5	63.8	36.2	25.0
	Opt-3	156.1a	21.9b	87.7	12.3	69.2	30.8	24.4

综合农学管理模式对春玉米产量和养分累积特征的影响

Characteristics of Grain Yield and Nutrient Accumulation for Spring Maize Under Different Agronomic Management Practices

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处理 Treatment	种植密度 Plant density (×10⁴plants/hm²)	耕作 Tillage	肥料 Fertilizer	肥料施用量 Fertilizer application amount (kg·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	种植密度 Plant density (×10⁴plants/hm²)	耕作 Tillage	肥料 Fertilizer	施肥量 Fertilizing amount	播前 Before seeding	拔节期 V6	抽雄期 VT
CK	6.0	灭茬旋耕 Stubble rotary tillage	N	0	—	—	—
			P	0	—	—	—
			K	0	—	—	—
			微量肥Microelement	0	—	—	—
			有机肥Organic	0	—	—	—
FP	5.0	灭茬旋耕 Stubble rotary tillage	N	225	225	—	—
			P	82.5	82.5	—	—
			K	67.5	67.5	—	—
			微量肥Microelement	0	—	—	—
			有机肥Organic	0	—	—	—
Opt-1	6.0	灭茬旋耕 Stubble rotary tillage	N	195	78	117	—
			P	75	75	—	—
			K	82.5	82.5	—	—
			微量肥Microelement	60	60	—	—
			有机肥Organic	15000	15000	—	—
Opt-2	7.0	6展叶深松 V6-subsoiling	N	300	120	120	60
			P	120	96	24	—
			K	120	96	24	—
			微量肥Microelement	150	150	—	—
			有机肥Organic	15000	15000	—	—
Opt-3	7.0	6展叶深松 V6-subsoiling	N	225	90	90	45
			P	90	72	18	—
			K	90	72	18	—
			微量肥Microelement	150	150	—	—
			有机肥Organic	15000	15000	—	—

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	氮肥偏生产力 Partial factor productivity of N	磷肥偏生产力 Partial factor productivity of P	钾肥偏生产力 Partial factor productivity of K
2009	CK	—	—	—
	FP	37.1d	101.3b	123.8a
	Opt-1	46.7a	121.4a	110.4b
	Opt-2	30.5c	76.2c	76.2d
	Opt-3	40.7b	101.8b	101.8c
2010	CK	—	—	—
	FP	39.8c	108.4c	132.5a
	Opt-1	51.4a	133.6a	121.4b
	Opt-2	34.6cd	86.6d	86.6d
	Opt-3	44.9b	112.2b	112.3c
2011	CK	—	—	—
	FP	41.1c	112.2c	137.1a
	Opt-1	54.6a	141.9a	129.0ab
	Opt-2	36.9d	92.3d	92.3c
	Opt-3	48.8b	122.1b	122.1b

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