小麦播量与减氮对潮土微生物量碳氮及土壤酶活性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.15.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】以我国黄淮平原粮食主产区潮土为研究对象,通过探讨小麦-玉米轮作体系下,不同小麦播量与减量氮肥下,土壤微生物量碳、氮和酶活性的差异和变化,以了解小麦播量和氮肥对土壤微生物量的影响。【方法】试验设4个处理,分别为：（1）常规播量+常规施氮肥（CK）;（2）增播30%+常规施氮（T1）;（3）增播30%+减氮20%（T2）;（4）常规播量+减氮20%（T3）。2016—2018年3季作物收获后,采取不同土层土壤,测定有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、微生物量碳氮（SMBC、SMBN）及其相关酶活性。【结果】总体上,3季中各处理土壤微生物量碳氮、有机碳、全氮以及3种酶活性均随土壤深度增加而下降。常规施肥处理（CK和T1）的SMBC的含量在2017年的小麦和玉米季0—20 cm土层以及2018年小麦季则0—30 cm基本表现为显著高于减氮处理（T2和T3）,其中T1处理最高为170.89 mg?kg ^-1。SMBN与SMBC表现出类似的趋势,在3季中均以常规施肥处理显著高于减氮处理,其中CK处理的SMBN在3季中0—30 cm土层均表现较高,最高为57.24 mg?kg ^-1。各处理SOC含量的差异在前两季主要集中在0—20 cm土层,而第3季则集中在10—30 cm土层;其中2017年玉米季0—20 cm土层减氮处理的SOC含量显著高于常规施肥处理,以T3处理SOC含量最高,为12.85 g?kg ^-1。2017年小麦季各处理TN含量在0—30 cm土层基本差异不显著;而在2017年玉米季和2018年小麦季的0—20 cm土层均以CK处理TN含量显著高于其他处理,最高为1.57 g?kg ^-1。各处理土壤碳氮比（C/N）在2017年小麦季没有明显规律,而在2017年玉米季和2018年小麦季的0—20 cm土层基本表现为减氮处理的C/N显著高于常规施肥处理。各处理的微生物熵（C_mic/C_org）、微生物量氮/全氮（N_mic/N_total）分别在0.5%—2.5%、2%—6%之间,微生物量碳氮比（C_mic/N_mic）在5﹕1以下。各处理C_mic/C_org除2017年小麦季10—20 cm土层,其他作物季节和土层均表现为常规施肥处理显著高于减氮处理。各处理N_mic/N_total与C_mic/C_org类似,除2017年玉米季的10—20 cm和2018年小麦季处理间N_mic/N_total基本差异不显著,其他季节和土层则表现为常规施肥处理显著高于减氮处理。2017年T1处理的C_mic/N_mic在0—20 cm土层均显著高于其他处理;而在后两季的0—10 cm处理间C_mic/N_mic均差异不显著。土壤脲酶活性在2018年小麦季显示增播处理显著高于常播处理。各处理蔗糖酶活性在玉米季明显高于小麦季,其中在2017年玉米季10—30 cm土层的减氮处理高于常规施肥处理。减氮处理的土壤中性磷酸酶活性在2017年小麦季0—30 cm土层均显著高于常规施肥处理。减氮处理2018年小麦季产量显著高于常规施肥处理,同时提高了地上部氮素积累量,最高达到了322.30 kg?hm ^-2。【结论】在黄淮平原小麦-玉米轮作区,在供试条件下,减氮处理降低了土壤微生物量和全氮含量,但提高了土壤酶活性和地上部氮素积累量,能增加或维持小麦产量,其中小麦常规播量下减氮20%处理综合效果较好。

关键词: 小麦, 播种量, 减氮, 微生物量, 土壤酶, 黄淮平原

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of wheat sowing rate and nitrogen fertilizer interaction on soil microbial biomass carbon/ nitrogen (SMBC/N) and enzyme activities in the Huang-Huai Plain of China was studied, aimed to select the optimum management in this area. 【Method】 Field experiment was conducted, and four treatments were set as: (1) conventional seeding + conventional nitrogen fertilizer (CK); (2) 30% additional seeding + conventional nitrogen application (T1); (3) 30% additional seeding + 20% nitrogen reduction (T2); (4) conventional seeding + 20% nitrogen reduction (T3). The soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and soil enzyme activities were measured and analyzed in different soil depths during the three crop seasons in 2016-2018. 【Result】 Generally, all the indexes decreased with soil depth. The SMBC was significantly higher under conventional nitrogen (N) treatments (i.e. CK and T1) than that under nitrogen reduction treatments (i.e. T2 and T3) in 0-20 cm in wheat and maize season 2017 and 0-30 cm in wheat season 2018, and the highest one was 170.89 mg?kg ^-1. The dynamics of SMBN was similar as SMBC, which was significantly higher under conventional N treatments than that under N reduction treatments during the all the crop seasons, and with the highest value as 57.24 mg?kg ^-1 under CK treatment. The differences of SOC content among treatments were focused on 0-20 cm during the first and second seasons, and 10-30 cm during the third season. Therein, the SOC content under N reduction treatments was significantly higher than that under conventional N treatments, with the highest one as 12.85 g?kg ^-1 under T3. The TN content under all the treatments was no different in wheat season 2017, which was significantly higher under CK treatment than that under the others in 0-20 cm in maize season 2017 and wheat season 2018. The C/N was no obviously trend in wheat season 2017, while it was significantly higher under N reduction treatments in 0-20 cm during maize season 2017 and wheat season 2018. The SMBC/SOC under all treatments ranged from 0.5% to 2.5%. And it was higher under conventional N treatments than that under N reduction treatments, except which in 10-20 cm during wheat season 2017. The SMBN/TN under all treatments ranged from 2% to 6%. The SMBC/SMBN under all treatments was below 5:1. The SMBN/TN was higher under conventional N treatments than that under N reduction treatments, except which in 10-20 cm during wheat season 2017 and 0-30 cm during wheat season 2018. The SMBC/SMBN under T1 treatment was higher in 2017 wheat season. The urease activity under sowing rate increase treatment (i.e. T1 and T2) was higher in wheat season 2018. The invertase activity in 10-30 cm during maize season 2017 and neutral phosphatase activity in 0-30 cm during wheat season under N reduction treatments was higher than that under conventional treatments. The wheat yield and the aboveground N accumulation was higher under N reduction treatments in wheat season 2018, with the highest value as 6 822.27 kg?hm ^-2and 322.30 kg?hm ^-2, respectively, under T3 treatment.【Conclusion】 Generally, in the Huang-Huai Plain, under the nitrogen reduction, the soil microbial biomass and TN content were decreased, while the soil enzyme activities and aboveground N accumulation was increased. Meanwhile, the wheat yield was increased or maintained. Therein, the treatment with conventional seeding + 20% nitrogen reduction was suggested as the optimum practice in this study.

Key words: wheat, sowing rate, nitrogen reduction, soil microbial biomass, soil enzyme, Huang-Huai Plain

石柯, 董士刚, 申凤敏, 龙潜, 姜桂英, 刘芳, 刘世亮. 小麦播量与减氮对潮土微生物量碳氮及土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(15): 2646-2663.

SHI Ke, DONG ShiGang, SHEN FengMin, LONG Qian, JIANG GuiYing, LIU Fang, LIU ShiLiang. Effects of Wheat Seeding Rate with Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Reduction on Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon, Nitrogen and Enzyme Activities in Fluvo-Aquic Soil in Huang-Huai Plain[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(15): 2646-2663.

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处理 Treatment	小麦播量 Wheat seeding rate	施肥量 Fertilization rate
处理 Treatment	小麦播量 Wheat seeding rate	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
CK	232.5	150+69	120	120
T1	302.25	150+69	120	120
T2	232.5	120+55.2	120	120
T3	302.25	120+55.2	120	120

时期 Period	指标 Index	有机碳 Organic carbon	全氮 Total nitrogen	SMBC	SMBN	脲酶 Urease	蔗糖酶 Invertase	中性磷酸酶 Neutral phosphatase
2017年小麦季 Wheat season 2017	有机碳 Organic carbon	1
	土壤全氮 Total nitrogen	0.909**	1
	SMBC	0.702**	0.797**	1
	SMBN	0.653**	0.774**	0.807**	1
	脲酶 Urease	0.790**	0.714**	0.615**	0.446**	1
	蔗糖酶 Invertase	0.889**	0.874**	0.682**	0.637**	0.800**	1
	中性磷酸酶 Neutral phosphatase	0.595**	0.430**	0.057	-0.139	0.605**	0.550**	1
2017年玉米季 Maize season 2017	有机碳 0rganic carbon	1
	土壤全氮 Total nitrogen	0.727**	1
	SMBC	0.472**	0.852**	1
	SMBN	0.443**	0.813**	0.890**	1
	脲酶 Urease	0.805**	0.708**	0.475**	0.432**	1
	蔗糖酶 Invertase	0.857**	0.769**	0.605**	0.518**	0.797**	1
	中性磷酸酶 Neutral phosphatase	0.738**	0.757**	0.532**	0.444**	0.779**	0.755**	1
2018年小麦季 Wheat season 2018	有机碳 Organic carbon	1
	土壤全氮 Total nitrogen	0.785**	1
	SMBC	0.767**	0.903**	1
	SMBN	0.683**	0.849**	0.919**	1
	脲酶 Urease	0.658**	0.616**	0.598**	0.500**	1
	蔗糖酶 Invertase	0.807**	0.899**	0.817**	0.779**	0.691**	1
	中性磷酸酶 Neutral phosphatase	0.861**	0.750**	0.677**	0.645**	0.507**	0.795**	1