中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (3): 491-502.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.03.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

黄淮海平原地区深松和灌水次数对冬小麦- 夏玉米节水增产的影响

强小嫚1,张凯1,米兆荣2,刘战东1,王万宁1,孙景生1()   

  1. 1 中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所/农业部作物需水过程与调控重点实验室,河南新乡453002
    2 河南科技学院园艺园林学院园艺系, 河南新乡453003
  • 收稿日期:2017-07-03 接受日期:2018-08-21 出版日期:2019-02-01 发布日期:2019-02-14
  • 作者简介:强小嫚,E-mail: xiaomanqiang@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家公益性行业(农业科技专项201503117);国家自然科学基金(31700368);中国农业科学院基本科研业务费专项(FIRI 2016-08)

Effects of Subsoiling and Irrigation Frequency on Water Saving and Yield Increasing of Winter Wheat and Summer Maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

QIANG XiaoMan1,ZHANG Kai1,MI ZhaoRong2,LIU ZhanDong1,WANG WanNing1,SUN JingSheng1()   

  1. 1 Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Xinxiang 453002, Henan
    2 School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan
  • Received:2017-07-03 Accepted:2018-08-21 Online:2019-02-01 Published:2019-02-14

摘要:

目的 研究黄淮海平原地区冬小麦-夏玉米不同深松时机交互不同灌水次数对作物产量及水分生产效率的影响,为优化黄淮海地区土壤耕作方式提供理论依据。方法 采用土壤耕作方式与灌水次数相结合的方法,设置秋深松+冬小麦2水(QS-2)、秋深松+冬小麦3水(QS-3)、夏深松+冬小麦2水(XS-2)、夏深松+冬小麦3水(XS-3)、对照(CK)共5个处理,研究深松与灌水次数对冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田土壤物理性质、植株生长发育、产量、总产出值及水分生产效率等的影响。结果 深松和灌水次数对土壤容重、土壤紧实度、土壤储水量、总产出值、水分生产效率均有不同程度显著影响。与对照相比,QS-2、XS-2、XS-3处理均显著降低深松后第1年土壤耕层(0—40 cm)及深松后第2年0—20 cm土层的土壤容重;深松各处理均显著降低第1年土壤紧实度,对第2年土壤紧实度影响效果不明显;秋深松后第2年QS-2处理的冬小麦整个生育期平均土壤储水量较CK显著增加18.14%,QS-3处理次之,夏深松后第2年XS-2、XS-3处理分别较CK显著提高24.7%、25.6%;秋深松能显著提高当季冬小麦生长发育,QS-2、QS-3处理地上生物量分别较CK增加了19.29%、27.06%,第2年QS-2和QS-3处理地上生物量较CK均有所提高,差异不显著,秋深松对第2年冬小麦生长发育影响效果减弱,夏深松第2年XS-2和XS-3处理的叶面积和地上生物量均较对照显著提高,夏深松能显著促进后茬冬小麦生长发育;QS-2处理对2年冬小麦-夏玉米总产出值和水分生产效率均显著提高,第1年总产出值和水分生产效率分别较CK提高27.21%、23.51%,第2年分别提高19.54%、18.84%,夏深松显著提高第2年冬小麦-夏玉米总产出值及水分生产效率,XS-2处理分别提高18.50%、17.65%,XS-3处理分别提高19.57%、15.35%。结论 黄淮海平原冬小麦-夏玉米连作采用冬小麦播前秋深松耕作方式,冬小麦全生育期灌水2次,有利于降低农田土壤容重、降低土壤紧实度、提高土壤储水效果、显著提高深松周期内冬小麦-夏玉米总产出值及水分生产效率。建议在黄淮海平原地区平水年和丰水年(夏玉米季降雨充沛),冬小麦-夏玉米种植区采用秋深松+冬小麦灌2水耕作模式,实现高产与高效。

关键词: 深松, 灌水次数, 产量, 水分生产效率, 节水增产效应, 冬小麦, 夏玉米

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of interactions between subsoiling and irrigation frequency on crop yield and water productivity of winter wheat and summer maize were investigated to optimize tillage practices in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.【Method】 Considering different tillage methods and irrigation times, a field experiment was carried out with five treatments, including autumn subsoiling with two irrigation applications during winter wheat growth period (QS-2), autumn subsoiling with three irrigations applications during winter wheat growth period (QS-3), summer subsoiling with two irrigations applications during winter wheat growth period (XS-2), summer subsoiling with three irrigations applications during winter wheat growth period (XS-3) and control (CK). The effects of subsoiling and irrigation times on soil physical properties, plant growth and development, yield, total output, and water productivity of winter wheat and summer maize were investigated. 【Result】 Subsoiling and irrigation times had significant impacts on soil bulk density, soil compaction, soil water storage, total output and water productivity. After subsoiling, the bulk density decreased significantly in topsoil 40 cm at the first year and in topsoil 20 cm at the second year under all QS-2, XS-2 and XS-3 treatments, compared with CK treatment. The decline of soil compaction was remarkable in the first year, but inapparent in the second year. After autumn subsoiling, the average soil water storage of QS-2 treatment increased by 18.14% compared with CK, and the QS-3 treatment was the second. While, in the second year after summer subsoiling, the XS-2 and XS-3 treatments were significantly higher than CK by 24.7% and 25.6%, respectively. Compared with CK treatment, aboveground biomass of winter wheat increased by 19.29% for QS-2 and 27.06% for QS-3 treatment, respectively, for the first year, while there was slight increase for the second year. This indicated that the improvement of winter wheat growth and development by autumn subsoiling was pronounced in the first year but weak in the second year. However, the leaf area index and aboveground biomass of XS-2 and XS-3 treatments were increased significantly, and this demonstrated that summer subsoiling could improve the winter wheat growth and development in the second year. The total output and water productivity of winter wheat and summer maize rotation for QS-2 treatment were improved by 27.21% and 23.51% in the first year, respectively, and 19.54% and 18.84% in the second year, respectively, meanwhile, there were significant improvement for XS-2 and XS-3 treatment in the second year. The increase of total output and water productivity were 18.50% and 17.65% for XS-2, respectively, and 19.57% and 15.35% for XS-3 treatment, respectively.【Conclusion】 It was concluded that autumn subsoiling before winter wheat seeding could facilitate the reduction of soil bulk density and compaction, increase of soil storage capacity, and improvement of total output and water productivity of winter wheat and summer maize rotation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. It was suggestion that the appropriate tillage practice in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain was autumn subsoiling with two irrigation applications during winter wheat growth stage.

Key words: subsoiling, irrigation frequency, crop yield, water productivity, water saving and yield increasing effects, winter wheat, summer maize