梯度干旱胁迫下玉米光合碳的日变化及品种偏向性

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.11.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】日周期是玉米生育周期中的基本代谢单元。光合作用是对环境最敏感的生理过程之一，光合碳代谢是玉米进行干物质积累的根本途径，规律性的光温变化环境下的光合碳固定、分配决定了玉米的代谢特征和环境适应能力。生产中，玉米品种对环境的适应能力存在差异，很多品种的区域性特征明显。为了探究玉米品种光合差异，明确叶源器官的光合速率、光合初始阶段产物浓度的日周期变化特征，以及对土壤干旱胁迫的响应特性，挖掘筛选玉米品种差异评价新指标。【方法】以玉米杂交种郑单958、先玉335、浚单20、农大108和ND66为试验材料，通过设置土壤相对含水量为85%（水分供应充足对照）、65%—70%（轻度干旱胁迫）、55%—60%（中度干旱胁迫）和45%—50%（重度干旱胁迫）4个土壤水分梯度处理，借助日变化分析法，于6:00—18:00以3 h的时间间隔对5个玉米杂交种吐丝期穗位叶的光合速率进行测定，分别在5个时间点（0:00、4:00、10:00、15:00和20:00）同步对穗位叶的蔗糖浓度、淀粉浓度及相关比值进行比较分析。【结果】玉米叶片光合速率在日周期中呈现单峰变化趋势，充足水分供应下在正午前后达到峰值，干旱胁迫导致峰值降低且提前出现，不同品种表现一致。玉米穗位叶蔗糖、淀粉浓度的日周期变化特征都为单峰曲线，前者高峰出现时间早于后者，峰值低于后者；干旱胁迫下，穗位叶淀粉浓度随胁迫加重而降低，蔗糖浓度较为稳定。将日周期中光合初始阶段玉米叶片蔗糖及淀粉浓度的提高值及二者的比例分别与光合速率积累量建立关系，得到单位光合速率对其的贡献率。综合比较而言，单位光合速率对淀粉浓度提高的贡献率农大108最高且稳定，有明显的淀粉积累优势；单位光合速率对蔗糖/淀粉比的贡献率，先玉335比值较高，有偏蔗糖积累代谢的特点，农大108比值在多个处理中稳定低于其他品种，属于淀粉积累偏向型。【结论】在本试验条件下，单位光合速率对蔗糖/淀粉比的贡献率可以在一定程度上作为玉米光合碳代谢类型划分标准。

关键词: 玉米杂交种, 光合碳代谢, 日变化, 蔗糖/淀粉比, 蔗糖代谢偏向型, 淀粉代谢偏向型, 品种类型划分

Abstract: 【Objective】The daily cycle is a basic metabolic unit in maize growth period. Photosynthesis is one of the most sensitive physiological processes on the environmental change, and the photosynthetic carbon metabolism is the fundamental way for dry matter accumulation, the fixation and distribution of photosynthetic carbon under an environment with regular light and temperature changes determine the metabolic characteristics and environmental adaptability for a maize variety. In maize production, the environmental adaptability is different among varieties, and most of varieties have their appropriate regions for high-yielding and stable production. The aim of the experiment is to clarify the diurnal variation of photosynthetic rate, initial photosynthate concentration, and their responses under gradient soil drought stress for different maize hybrids, and give a reference for exploiting a new index in hybrid evaluation. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted with five maize hybrids (Zhengdan 958, Xianyu 335, Xundan 20, Nongda 108 and ND66) and four soil water regimes by setting the relative soil water content at 85% (adequate water supply control), 65%-70% (mild drought stress), 55%-60% (moderate drought stress) and 45%-50% (severe drought stress). Photosynthetic rate of ear leaf from 6:00 to 18:00 at 3 h intervals was determined, and sucrose concentration and starch concentration of ear leaf through day and night at 5 time points (0:00, 4:00, 10:00, 15:00 and 20:00) were synchronously determined at maize silking stage, and the contribution of unit photosynthetic rate to the increment of sucrose concentration (CISuC), contribution of unit photosynthetic rate to the increment of starch concentration (CIStC), and contribution to the ratio of sucrose increment/starch increment (CRSu/St) also were calculated.【Result】The maize photosynthesis presented a unimodal trend without “noon break” phenomenon in daytime, the rate peaked around noon under adequate water supply, but the peak decreased and appeared in advance as a result of drought stress, and it was consistent in different hybrids. The variation of sucrose, starch concentration in ear leaves presented a unimodal curve in the daily cycle, leaf sucrose concentration peak appeared earlier than that of starch but peak value was lower. The starch concentration decreased with stress aggravated, but the sucrose concentration was stable compared to that of starch. The increments of sucrose and starch concentration, and the ratio between them during the early period of photosynthesis in daytime were built relationships with photosynthetic accumulation during this period, respectively, and the CISuC, CIStC and CRSu/St of different maize hybrids under different water treatments were gotten. The CIStC of hybrid Nongda 108 was the highest and stable, and its CRSu/St was steadily lower than the other hybrids, so the hybrid belongs to the type of starch accumulation; the CRSu/St of hybrid Xianyu 335 was at the highest level, so Xianyu 335 benefits sucrose accumulation. 【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of this experiment, the contribution of unit photosynthetic rate to the ratio of sucrose increment/starch increment could be an index used for maize hybrid classification of photosynthetic carbon metabolism.

Key words: maize hybrid, photosynthetic carbon metabolism, diurnal variation, ratio of sucrose/starch, type of directivity to sucrose metabolism, type of directivity to starch metabolism, hybrid classification

刘云鹏，梁效贵，申思，周丽丽，高震，周顺利. 梯度干旱胁迫下玉米光合碳的日变化及品种偏向性[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(11): 2083-2092.

LIU YunPeng, LIANG XiaoGui, SHEN Si, ZHOU LiLi, GAO Zhen, ZHOU ShunLi. Diurnal Variation and Directivity of Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism in Maize Hybrids Under Gradient Drought Stress[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(11): 2083-2092.

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