覆膜和施氮肥对玉米产量和根层土壤硝态氮分布和去向的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.20.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】采用大田覆膜栽培技术，研究西北黄土塬区覆膜和施肥量对玉米产量、根层土壤硝态氮分布和去向的影响，为西北黄土塬区合理施氮和农业可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】试验共设置6个处理，分别为：（1）对照组（CK）：不施肥、不覆膜；（2）覆膜和不施肥处理（MN0）；（3）施基肥（氮肥80 kg·hm^-2，磷肥80 kg·hm^-2）和不覆膜处理（BN1）；（4）施基肥（氮肥80 kg·hm^-2，磷肥80 kg·hm^-2）和覆膜处理（MN1）；（5）施基肥（氮肥80 kg·hm^-2，磷肥80 kg·hm^-2）、追施氮肥（氮肥80 kg·hm^-2）和不覆膜处理（BN2）；（6）施基肥（氮肥80 kg·hm^-2，磷肥80 kg·hm^-2）、追施氮肥（氮肥80 kg·hm^-2）和覆膜处理（MN2），测定玉米产量、土壤水分、土壤硝态氮分布和玉米地上部氮素吸收量的差异。【结果】玉米地上部干物质积累量随着生育期的推进呈持续增加的趋势，干物质积累速率也随之增加，两年的干物质积累量主要表现为MN2＞BN2＞MN1＞BN1＞CK＞MN0；玉米产量随着地上部干物质积累量的增加而增加，覆膜和施肥显著提高玉米产量，2012年，BN1和MN1处理的产量比CK处理分别提高了31.41%和38.33%，BN2和MN2处理的产量比CK处理分别提高了49.89%和79.06%；覆膜提高了玉米根层土壤水分含量，在整个生育期的影响程度为先增加、后降低；随生育期推进，不施肥处理根层土壤硝态氮含量持续下降，土壤上层（0—50 cm）硝态氮含量略大于下层（50—100 cm），土壤上、下层间的硝态氮含量差异逐渐减弱；在施基肥和追肥处理下，覆膜有提高土壤硝态氮含量的作用；玉米地上部对根层氮素的吸收率与施肥量正相关，覆膜和施肥对玉米氮素吸收量影响显著，在不施肥条件下，覆膜对氮素吸收量影响不显著；覆膜处理的氮素去向表现为：植株地上部氮素吸收量>氮素残留量>氮素表观损失量；两年的氮肥回收率表现为MN2＞BN2＞MN1＞BN1，覆膜可以显著提高氮肥回收率。【结论】综合考虑玉米产量、氮素表观损失和氮肥利用率，施基肥（氮肥80 kg·hm^-2，磷肥80 kg·hm^-2）、追施氮肥（氮肥80 kg·hm^-2）和覆膜处理（MN2）显著提高玉米产量、表层土壤含水量，以及减缓硝态氮向深层迁移速度、降低氮素表观损失量和提高氮肥利用率，推荐MN2处理为最佳处理。

关键词: 玉米, 覆膜, 施肥, 硝态氮, 氮肥利用率

Abstract: 【Objective】 The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of mulching and nitrogen fertilizer application rate on root zoon nitrogen distribution, fate and maize yield for rational application of fertilizer and agricultural sustainable development in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. 【Method】 Six treatments were designed and applied: (1) A flat plot with no basal fertilizer, no top dressing and no mulching (CK); (2) Plastic film mulching with no basal fertilizer and no top dressing (MN0); (3) Basal N (80 kg·hm^-2) and P (80 kg·hm^-2) with no top dressing and no mulching (BN1); (4) Plastic film mulching and basal N (80 kg·hm^-2) and P (80 kg·hm^-2) with no top dressing (MN1); (5) Basal N (80 kg·hm^-2) and P (80 kg·hm^-2) and top dressing N (80 kg·hm^-2) with no mulching (BN2); and (6) Plastic film mulching with basal N (80 kg·hm^-2) and P (80 kg·hm^-2) fertilizer and top dressing N (80 kg·hm^-2) (MN2). The effect of mulching and nitrogen fertilizer on maize yield, soil water content, soil nitrate-N distribution and the uptake of nitrogen of above-ground part of maize were analyzed.【Result】 The shoot dry matter accumulation of maize was increased with the increase of growth period, and the rate of dry matter accumulation was also increased. The shoot dry matter accumulation showed mainly the MN2＞BN2＞MN1＞BN1＞CK＞MN0. The more the shoot dry matter accumulated, the higher the grain yield of maize. Mulching and nitrogen fertilizer application had a significant effect on grain yield of maize. The yields of BN1 and MN1 treatments were 31.41% and 38.33% higher than the CK treatment, and the yields of BN2 and MN2 treatments were 49.89% and 79.06% higher than the CK treatment in 2012. Mulching was significantly increased the soil water content, the soil water content was increased first, and then reduced. The soil nitrate-N content decreased with the advance of growing period in no nitrogen fertilizer treatment. The upper soil nitrate-N content was slightly larger than subsoil layer, and the difference in quantity was decreased with the advance of growing period. Mulching had the function of slow the migration of soil nitrate-N move to sub soil layer in basal and top-dressing nitrogen fertilizer treatment. The nitrogen uptake rate of above ground dry matter accumulation was positively correlated with the level of nitrogen fertilizer. Mulching and nitrogen fertilizer application had a significant effect on the nitrogen uptake rate. There was no significant difference in nitrogen uptake rate in no-fertilizer treatment. The fate of nitrogen in mulching treatment showed mainly the nitrogen uptake rate＞nitrogen residual＞nitrogen loss rate. Nitrogen application significantly improved the nitrogen recovery rate, which was showed mainly that the MN2＞BN2＞MN1＞BN1 in both years.【Conclusion】The MN2 treatment significantly increased the maize yield and soil water content in top soil layers, and reduced the speed of nitrate-N from top soil layers to subsoil layers. Meanwhile, the MN2 treatment also reduced the nitrogen loss rate and improved the nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake rate.

Key words: maize, mulching, fertilizer application, nitrate-N, nitrogen use efficiency

王秀康，邢英英，李占斌. 覆膜和施氮肥对玉米产量和根层土壤硝态氮分布和去向的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(20): 3944-3957.

WANG Xiu-kang, XING Ying-ying, LI Zhan-bin. Effect of Mulching and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Maize Yield，Distribution and Fate of Nitrogen in Root Layer[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(20): 3944-3957.

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