四川盆地水稻产量对基础地力与施肥的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.23.017

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】四川盆地是中国主要的单季稻种植区之一。研究四川盆地稻田土壤基础地力、养分供应能力和施肥效果，评价土壤基础地力和施肥对水稻产量的影响，为四川盆地稻田地力的保育培肥和区域合理施肥提供依据。【方法】依托2005年以来在四川盆地布置的474个水稻田长期定位试验点，选取对照（不施肥CK）、磷钾（PK）、氮钾（NK）、氮磷（NP）和氮磷钾（NPK）5个处理，测定水稻产量和养分吸收量，分析四川盆地稻田土壤基础地力现状、土壤养分供应能力和施肥效果及其之间的关系，基于水稻产量评价不同基础地力稻田的施肥效果及产量稳定性和可持续性。同时通过调研四川盆地水稻研究结果，分析30多年来稻田基础地力的变化趋势。【结果】文献调研表明，四川盆地田基础地力稳定提升，2000年以来稻田基础地力产量在5.6—6.4 t·hm^-2，比二十世纪八九十年代提高了1.5 t·hm^-2，地力贡献率也上升6.7%。田间试验表明，基础地力和肥料对产量的贡献率分别为67.4%—75.9%和24.1%—32.6%。四川盆地稻田土壤氮、磷、钾养分供应量分别为103—120、23.2—27.5和139—185 kg·hm^-2，土壤养分对产量的平均贡献率达到78.2%、88.8%、90.8%，而施肥对产量的贡献率低于30%，且氮肥的增产效果高于磷肥和钾肥。四川盆地不同生态区土壤基础地力和养分供应能力均表现为成都平原＞盆地中部浅丘区＞盆地周边丘陵区＞盆地东部丘陵区；土壤基础地力越高越容易实现水稻高产，土壤基础地力与土壤贡献率呈显著正相关，而与肥料贡献率呈显著负相关；土壤基础地力越高，产量可持续性和稳定性越高。【结论】提高稻田土壤基础地力可促进水稻高产稳产，降低高产对肥料的依赖性，有利于水稻的可持续生产。

关键词: 稻田, 基础地力, 产量, 施肥, 四川盆地

Abstract: 【Objective】Sichuan basin is the main region of single-season rice in China. This paper studied the inherent productivity of paddies, the nutrient supply capacity of paddy soils and the effect of fertilization of paddy in order to evaluate effect on soil inherent productivity of paddies and the effect of fertilization on rice yield. The aim of the study is to provide theoretical basis for improvement in soil fertility and regional rational fertilization. 【Method】The total 474 field experiments were used to evaluate the yield-based inherent soil productivity, nutrient supply capacity of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and fertilization response with five treatments (unfertilized control, PK, NK, NP and NPK) during 2005 to 2010 in Sichuan basin. The effect of fertilization, yield stability and sustainability based on the yield of rice under different inherent productivity of paddy soils were also assessed. Meanwhile, it analysed the change trend of soil inherent productivity of paddies for more than 30 years in Sichuan basin. 【Result】 It showed that there was a steady improvement of soil inherent productivity in Sichuan basin from literature survey. The rice yield based on soil inherent productivity is between 5.6 to 6.4 t·hm^-2 since 2000 and increased 1.5 t·hm^-2 than that between 1980 to 2000. The contribution rate of soil productivity also rose by 6.7%. Field trials showed that the contribution rates of inherent productivity and fertilizer to rice yield is 67.4-75.9% and 24.1-32.6% respectively. The supply capacity of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in Sichuan basin paddy soil were 103-120, 23.2-27.5, 139-185 kg·hm^-2. The average contribution rate of nutrient supply capacity on yield were 78.2%, 88.8% and 90.8%, respectively and the contribution rate of fertilization on yield is less than 30%. The increment by different fertilizers was largest with N fertilization followed by P and K fertilization. The inherent soil productivity and nutrient supply capacity differed among regions (Chengdu plain＞middle shallow hilly zone in Sichuan basin＞peripheral hilly zone in Sichuan basin＞eastern hilly zone in Sichuan basin). Plots with higher inherent soil productivity can result in higher yield when NPK fertilizer was applied. There is a significant and positive correlation between contribution rate of soil fertility to yield and inherent soil productivity, but the correlation between contribution rate of fertilizer to yield and inherent soil productivity was significantly negative. It also found that sustainable index and stability index of rice yield was increased with improvement of inherent soil productivity. 【Conclusion】 We concluded that improving inherent soil productivity of paddies can promote rice yield while decrease its dependence on fertilization but is also beneficial to sustainable rice production.

Key words: paddy field, inherent soil productivity, yield, fertilization, Sichuan basin

梁涛，陈轩敬，赵亚南，黄兴成，李鸿，石孝均，张跃强. 四川盆地水稻产量对基础地力与施肥的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(23): 4759-4768.

LIANG Tao, CHEN Xuan-jing, ZHAO Ya-nan, HUANG Xing-cheng, LI Hong, SHI Xiao-jun, ZHANG Yue-qiang. Response of Rice Yield to Inherent Soil Productivity of Paddies and Fertilization in Sichuan Basin[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(23): 4759-4768.

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